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A theory-based AI automation exposure index: Applying Moravec's Paradox to the US labor market

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  • Jacob Schaal

Abstract

This paper develops a theory-driven automation exposure index based on Moravec's Paradox. Scoring 19,000 O*NET tasks on performance variance, tacit knowledge, data abundance, and algorithmic gaps reveals that management, STEM, and sciences occupations show the highest exposure. In contrast, maintenance, agriculture, and construction show the lowest. The positive relationship between wages and exposure challenges the notion of skill-biased technological change if AI substitutes for workers. At the same time, tacit knowledge exhibits a positive relationship with wages consistent with seniority-biased technological change. This index identifies fundamental automatability rather than current capabilities, while also validating the AI annotation method pioneered by Eloundou et al. (2024) with a correlation of 0.72. The non-positive relationship with pre-LLM indices suggests a paradigm shift in automation patterns.

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  • Jacob Schaal, 2025. "A theory-based AI automation exposure index: Applying Moravec's Paradox to the US labor market," Papers 2510.13369, arXiv.org.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2510.13369
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    References listed on IDEAS

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