A systematic review of early warning systems in finance

Early warning systems (EWSs) are critical for forecasting and preventing economic and financial crises. EWSs are designed to provide early warning signs of financial troubles, allowing policymakers and market participants to intervene before a crisis expands. The 2008 financial crisis highlighted the importance of detecting financial distress early and taking preventive measures to mitigate its effects. In this bibliometric review, we look at the research and literature on EWSs in finance. Our methodology included a comprehensive examination of academic databases and a stringent selection procedure, which resulted in the final selection of 616 articles published between 1976 and 2023. Our findings show that more than 90\% of the papers were published after 2006, indicating the growing importance of EWSs in financial research. According to our findings, recent research has shifted toward machine learning techniques, and EWSs are constantly evolving. We discovered that research in this area could be divided into four categories: bankruptcy prediction, banking crisis, currency crisis and emerging markets, and machine learning forecasting. Each cluster offers distinct insights into the approaches and methodologies used for EWSs. To improve predictive accuracy, our review emphasizes the importance of incorporating both macroeconomic and microeconomic data into EWS models. To improve their predictive performance, we recommend more research into incorporating alternative data sources into EWS models, such as social media data, news sentiment analysis, and network analysis.