Research classified by Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes

---

Top JEL
/ O: Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth
/ / O3: Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights
/ / / O33: Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

2019

• Karen Macours, 2019, "Farmers’ Demand and the Traits and Diffusion of Agricultural Innovations in Developing Countries," Annual Review of Resource Economics, Annual Reviews, volume 11, issue 1, pages 483-499, October, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-094.
• José Luis Nolazco & Nikita Céspedes & Humberto Salas, 2019, "Innovación y empleo en la industria manufacturera peruana," Working Papers, Peruvian Economic Association, number 146, May.
• Ivan Lyubimov, 2019, "Russia’s diversification prospects," Russian Journal of Economics, ARPHA Platform, volume 5, issue 2, pages 177-198, July, DOI: 10.32609/j.ruje.5.34753.
• Francesco Macheda & Roberto Nadalini, 2019, "The Danger of a “Geyser Disease” Effect: Structural Fragility of the Tourism-Led Recovery in Iceland," Working Papers, ASTRIL - Associazione Studi e Ricerche Interdisciplinari sul Lavoro, number 0038, Jan.
• Azizi, Zahra, 2019, "The Effect of Economic Complexity on Energy Consumption in the Industrial Sector (in Persian)," The Journal of Planning and Budgeting (٠صلنامه برنامه ریزی Ùˆ بودجه), Institute for Management and Planning studies, volume 24, issue 1, pages 3-24, June.
• Martin Mihajlov & Katerina Toshevska-Trpchevska & Irena Kikerkova, 2019, "Towards The Application Of Blockchain Technology For Improving Trade Facilitation In Cefta 2006," Economic Thought and Practice, Department of Economics and Business, University of Dubrovnik, volume 28, issue 1, pages 209-222, june.
• Domagoj Sajter, 2019, "Time-Series Analysis Of The Most Common Cryptocurrencies," Economic Thought and Practice, Department of Economics and Business, University of Dubrovnik, volume 28, issue 1, pages 267-282, june.
• Massimo Anelli & Italo Colantone & Piero Stanig, 2019, "We Were The Robots: Automation and Voting Behavior in Western Europe," BAFFI CAREFIN Working Papers, BAFFI CAREFIN, Centre for Applied Research on International Markets Banking Finance and Regulation, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy, number 19115.
• Yuliia Popivniak, 2019, "Cloud-Based Accounting Software: Choice Options In The Light Of Modern International Tendencies," Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, Publishing house "Baltija Publishing", volume 5, issue 3, DOI: 10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-3-170-177.
• Olexandra Farat & Marta Lyvdar, 2019, "Elaboration Of Technology For Implementing Organizational Solutions On Innovative Clusters Development," Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, Publishing house "Baltija Publishing", volume 5, issue 3, DOI: 10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-3-207-212.
• Ashu Tiwari & Archana Patro & Imlak Shaikh, 2019, "Information Communication Technology-Enabled Platforms and P&C Insurance Consumption: Evidence from Emerging & Developing Economies," Review of Economics & Finance, Better Advances Press, Canada, volume 15, pages 81-95, February.
• Stephen S. Poloz, 2019, "Technological Progress and Monetary Policy: Managing the Fourth Industrial Revolution," Discussion Papers, Bank of Canada, number 2019-11, Nov, DOI: 10.34989/sdp-2019-11.
• Stephen S. Poloz, 2019, "Changing Fortunes: Long-Termism—G-Zero, Artificial Intelligence and Debt," Discussion Papers, Bank of Canada, number 2019-12, Dec, DOI: 10.34989/sdp-2019-12.
• Xingtong Han & Lei Xu, 2019, "Technology Adoption in Input-Output Networks," Staff Working Papers, Bank of Canada, number 19-51, Dec, DOI: 10.34989/swp-2019-51.
• Nikil Chande & Dennis Yanchus, 2019, "The Cyber Incident Landscape," Staff Analytical Notes, Bank of Canada, number 2019-32, Dec, DOI: 10.34989/san-2019-32.
• Nikil Chande & Dennis Yanchus, 2019, "Cyberincidents : état des lieux," Staff Analytical Notes, Bank of Canada, number 2019-32fr, Dec, DOI: 10.34989/san-2019-32.
• Ana Fernández, 2019, "Inteligencia artificial en los servicios financieros," Boletín Económico, Banco de España, issue JUN.
• Ana Fernández, 2019, "Artificial intelligence in financial services," Economic Bulletin, Banco de España, issue JUN.
• Carlos Conesa, 2019, "Bitcoin: A solution for payment systems or a solution in search of a problem?," Occasional Papers, Banco de España, number 1901, Feb.
• Laurent Cavenaile & Pau Roldan, 2019, "Advertising, innovation and economic growth," Working Papers, Banco de España, number 1902, Feb.
• Boris Giannetto & Pasquale Digregorio, 2019, "Development of a cyber threat intelligence apparatus in a central bank," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers), Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area, number 517, Oct.
• Francesco Bripi, 2019, "Business travels, multinational firms and international trade," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers), Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area, number 523, Nov.
• Julián A. Parra & Carlos Arango & Joaquín Bernal & José E. Gómez & Javier Gómez & Carlos León & Clara Machado & Daniel Osorio & Daniel Rojas & Nicolás Suárez & Eduardo Yanquen, 2019, "Criptoactivos: análisis y revisión de literatura," Revista ESPE - Ensayos sobre Política Económica, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, issue 92, pages 1-37, November.
• Joël Cariolle & Maelan Le Goff & Olicier Santoni, 2019, "Digital vulnerability and performance of firms in developing countries," Working papers, Banque de France, number 709.
• Luc Jacolin & Massil Keneck & Alphonse Noah, 2019, "Informal Sector and Mobile Financial Services in Developing Countries: Does Financial Innovation Matter?," Working papers, Banque de France, number 721.
• Philippe Aghion & Antonin Bergeaud & Richard Blundell & Rachel Griffith, 2019, "The Innovation Premium to Soft Skills in Low-Skilled Occupations," Working papers, Banque de France, number 739.
• Clément Malgouyres & Thierry Mayer & Clément Mazet-Sonilhac, 2019, "Technology-Induced Trade Shocks? Evidence from Broadband Expansion in France," Working papers, Banque de France, number 741.
• Antonin BERGEAUD, 2019, "Market power and growth: new developments
  [Pouvoir de marché et croissance, quoi de neuf ?]," Bulletin de la Banque de France, Banque de France, issue 226.
• Sang Yoon (Tim) Lee & Sotiris Blanas & Gino Gancia, 2019, "Who Is Afraid of Machines?," Working Papers, Barcelona School of Economics, number 1105, Jul.
• Claudia Steinwender & Réka Juhász & César Ducruet & Dávid Nagy & Dávid Krisztián Nagy, 2020, "All aboard: The Effects of Port Development," Working Papers, Barcelona School of Economics, number 1160, Mar.
• Daniel Levy & Mark Bergen, 2019, "Pricing Better," Working Papers, Bar-Ilan University, Department of Economics, number 2019-07, Jul.
• Iraklis KOLLIAS & Sugata MARJIT & Nickolas J. MICHELACAKIS, 2019, "Public Investment, Taxation And Transfer Of Technology," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, volume 90, issue 3, pages 441-456, September, DOI: 10.1111/apce.12231.
• Shoji Haruna & Rajeev K. Goel, 2019, "Optimal pollution control in a mixed oligopoly with research spillovers," Australian Economic Papers, Wiley Blackwell, volume 58, issue 1, pages 21-40, March, DOI: 10.1111/1467-8454.12138.
• John Seater & Karine Yenokyan, 2019, "Factor Augmentation, Factor Elimination, And Economic Growth," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, volume 57, issue 1, pages 429-452, January, DOI: 10.1111/ecin.12711.
• Magda Fontana & Fabio Montobbio & Paolo Racca, 2019, "Topics And Geographical Diffusion Of Knowledge In Top Economic Journals," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, volume 57, issue 4, pages 1771-1797, October, DOI: 10.1111/ecin.12815.
• Thomas Gries & Stefan Jungblut & Tim Krieger & Henning Meyer, 2019, "Economic Retirement Age and Lifelong Learning: A Theoretical Model With Heterogeneous Labor, Biased Technical Change and International Sourcing," German Economic Review, Verein für Socialpolitik, volume 20, issue 2, pages 129-170, May, DOI: 10.1111/geer.12140.
• Eckhardt Bode & Stephan Brunow & Ingrid Ott & Alina Sorgner, 2019, "Worker Personality: Another Skill Bias beyond Education in the Digital Age," German Economic Review, Verein für Socialpolitik, volume 20, issue 4, pages 254-294, November, DOI: 10.1111/geer.12165.
• Andrés Rodríguez‐Pose & Callum Wilkie, 2019, "Innovating in less developed regions: What drives patenting in the lagging regions of Europe and North America," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, volume 50, issue 1, pages 4-37, March, DOI: 10.1111/grow.12280.
• Eva Moreno‐Galbis & Jeremy Tanguy & Ahmed Tritah & Catherine Laffineur, 2019, "Immigrants’ Wage Performance in a Routine Biased Technological Change Era: France 1994–2012," Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, Wiley Blackwell, volume 58, issue 4, pages 623-673, October, DOI: 10.1111/irel.12245.
• Harald Badinger & Peter H. Egger & Maximilian von Ehrlich, 2019, "Productivity Growth, Human Capital and Technology Spillovers: Nonparametric Evidence for EU Regions," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, volume 81, issue 4, pages 768-779, August, DOI: 10.1111/obes.12285.
• Vahagn Jerbashian, 2019, "Automation and Job Polarization: On the Decline of Middling Occupations in Europe," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, volume 81, issue 5, pages 1095-1116, October, DOI: 10.1111/obes.12298.
• Frank van der Wouden & David L. Rigby, 2019, "Co‐inventor networks and knowledge production in specialized and diversified cities," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, volume 98, issue 4, pages 1833-1853, August, DOI: 10.1111/pirs.12432.
• Sen Chai & Richard B. Freeman, 2019, "Temporary colocation and collaborative discovery: Who confers at conferences," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, volume 40, issue 13, pages 2138-2164, December, DOI: 10.1002/smj.3062.
• Jan Hagemejer & Jakub Mućk, 2019, "Export‐led growth and its determinants: Evidence from Central and Eastern European countries," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, volume 42, issue 7, pages 1994-2025, July, DOI: 10.1111/twec.12790.
• Giovanni Marin & Antonello Zanfei, 2019, "Does host market regulation induce cross‐border environmental innovation?," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, volume 42, issue 7, pages 2089-2119, July, DOI: 10.1111/twec.12784.
• SERBU Razvan, 2019, "Some Benchmarks Regarding The Economic Implications Of The Latest Technological Discoveries Within Face Recognition," Revista Economica, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Economic Sciences, volume 71, issue 3, pages 104-115, November.
• Martin Vallejos Tarqui & Shirley Navia Cáceres, 2019, "Efecto de la Inversión Extranjera Directa en el dinamismo macroeconómico: Un análisis empírico para Bolivia," Revista de Análisis del BCB, Banco Central de Bolivia, volume 31, issue 2, pages 103-136, July - De.
• Silvia Miranda-Agrippino & Sinem Hacioglu Hoke & Kristina Bluwstein, 2019, "When creativity strikes: news shocks and business cycle fluctuations," Bank of England working papers, Bank of England, number 788, Apr.
• Sophie Piton, 2019, "Do unit labour costs matter? A decomposition exercise on European data," Bank of England working papers, Bank of England, number 799, May.
• Maria Albani & Sofia Anyfantaki & Sophia Lazaretou, 2019, "How do digital technologies drive Greece's economic growth? Opportunities and challenges," Economic Bulletin, Bank of Greece, issue 49, pages 75-92, July.
• Elena Crivellaro & Aikaterini Karadimitropoulou, 2019, "The role of financial constraints on labour share developments: macro- and micro-level evidence," Working Papers, Bank of Greece, number 257, Feb.
• Taro Kimura & Yoshiyuki Kurachi & Tomohiro Sugo, 2019, "Decreasing Wage Returns to Human Capital: Analysis of Wage and Job Experience Using Micro Data of Workers," Bank of Japan Working Paper Series, Bank of Japan, number 19-E-12, Aug.
• Jihong Lee & Yunmi Nam, 2019, "Patent Citations and Localization of Knowledge Spillovers: Evidence from Korea (in Korean)," Economic Analysis (Quarterly), Economic Research Institute, Bank of Korea, volume 25, issue 4, pages 25-57, December.
• Jihong Lee & Yunmi Nam, 2019, "Patent Citations and Localization of Knowledge Spillovers: Evidence from Korea (in Korean)," Working Papers, Economic Research Institute, Bank of Korea, number 2019-14, Mar.
• Juan Jose García Petit & Esther Vaquero Lafuente & Antonio Ru´a Vieites, 2019, "How information technologies shape investor sentiment: A web-based investor sentiment index," Borsa Istanbul Review, Research and Business Development Department, Borsa Istanbul, volume 19, issue 2, pages 95-105, June.
• Justin Yifu Lin & Jianjun Miao & Pengfei Wang, 2019, "Convergence, Financial Development, and Policy Analysis," Boston University - Department of Economics - The Institute for Economic Development Working Papers Series, Boston University - Department of Economics, number dp-307, Jan.
• Stefania Garetto & Lindsay Oldenski & Natalia Ramondo, 2019, "Multinational Expansion in Time and Space," Boston University - Department of Economics - The Institute for Economic Development Working Papers Series, Boston University - Department of Economics, number dp-308, Apr.
• Stefania Garetto & Lindsay Oldenski & Natalia Ramondo, 2019, "Multinational Expansion in Time and Space," Boston University - Department of Economics - Working Papers Series, Boston University - Department of Economics, number WP2019-08, Apr.
• Magalhães Manuela & Sequeira Tiago Neves, 2019, "Redistributive policies and technology diffusion," The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, De Gruyter, volume 19, issue 1, pages 1-23, January, DOI: 10.1515/bejm-2017-0227.
• Gries Thomas & Jungblut Stefan & Meyer Henning & Krieger Tim, 2019, "Economic Retirement Age and Lifelong Learning: A Theoretical Model With Heterogeneous Labor, Biased Technical Change and International Sourcing," German Economic Review, De Gruyter, volume 20, issue 2, pages 129-170, May, DOI: 10.1111/geer.12140.
• Bode Eckhardt & Ott Ingrid & Brunow Stephan & Sorgner Alina, 2019, "Worker Personality: Another Skill Bias beyond Education in the Digital Age," German Economic Review, De Gruyter, volume 20, issue 4, pages 254-294, December, DOI: 10.1111/geer.12165.
• Callado-Muñoz Francisco J. & Hromcová Jana & Utrero-González Natalia, 2019, "Trade and Military Alliances: Evidence from NATO," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, volume 25, issue 4, pages 1-8, December, DOI: 10.1515/peps-2019-0027.
• Dachs Bernhard & Drach Andreas, 2019, "Forschung und Entwicklung von Unternehmen in langfristiger Perspektive: Starkes Wachstum, alte Akteure?," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, De Gruyter, volume 20, issue 4, pages 340-351, December, DOI: 10.1515/pwp-2019-0005.
• Mircea GUTIUM, 2019, "History Of The Development Of Block-Chain Cryptic Technology And Its Future In The Global Economy," Contemporary Economy Journal, Constantin Brancoveanu University, volume 4, issue 3, pages 34-38.
• Ion Scurtu & GicuÈ›a Sbîrciog, 2019, "Strategic Decisions For The Development Of Romanian Fruit Growing And Viticulture In The Twentieth And Early Twenty-First Centuries," Management Strategies Journal, Constantin Brancoveanu University, volume 46, issue 4, pages 22-32.
• Vincent Frigant & Stéphane Miollan & Maëlise Presse & David Virapin, 2019, "Quelles frontières géographiques pour les systèmes d’innovation technologique ?. Une analyse par les co-brevets appliquée au véhicule à pile à combustible," Innovations, De Boeck Université, volume 0, issue 1, pages 243-273.
• Laurent Dupont & Joëlle Mastelic & Nathalie Nyffeler & Sophie Latrille & Eric Seulliet, 2019, "Living lab as a support to trust for co-creation of value: application to the consumer energy market," Journal of Innovation Economics, De Boeck Université, volume 0, issue 1, pages 53-78.
• Guy Faure & Andrea Knierim & Alex Koutsouris & Hycenth Tim Ndah & Sarah Audouin & Elena Zarokosta & Eelke Wielinga & Bernard Triomphe & Syndhia Mathé & Ludovic Temple & Kevin Heanue, 2019, "How to Strengthen Innovation Support Services in Agriculture with Regard to Multi-Stakeholder Approaches," Journal of Innovation Economics, De Boeck Université, volume 0, issue 1, pages 145-169.
• Christian Le Bas, 2019, "Towards a Deepening of Knowledge in the Economics of Innovation: The Intellectual Legacy of Nick Von Tunzelmann," Journal of Innovation Economics, De Boeck Université, volume 0, issue 3, pages 235-238.
• Olivier Dupouët & Bastien Bernela & Marie Ferru, 2019, "Network Dynamics and Communities in Applied Biomedical Research," Journal of Innovation Economics, De Boeck Université, volume 0, issue 3, pages 213-233.
• Kazeem Joshua Salawu & Wafa Hammedi & Annick Castiaux, 2019, "What about Passive Innovation Resistance? Exploring User’s Resistance to Technology in the Healthcare Sector," Journal of Innovation Economics, De Boeck Université, volume 0, issue 3, pages 17-37.
• Didier Parsoire & Sébastien Héon, 2019, "Le prix du risque cyber," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 1, pages 155-170.
• Muriel Faure, 2019, "Comment l’intelligence artificielle peut répondre aux enjeux économiques de l’industrie de la gestion d’actifs," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 3, pages 51-66.
• Charles-Albert Lehalle, 2019, "La finance de marché à l’ère de l’intelligence bon marché," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 3, pages 67-84.
• Jean-Christophe Mieszala, 2019, "La banque transactionnelle de gros : l’innovation permanente," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 3, pages 85-96.
• Matthieu Courtecuisse & Ronan Davit, 2019, "Les assurances paramétriques au cœur des smart contracts : une révolution pour l’assurance," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 3, pages 145-162.
• Laurent Weill, 2019, "L’impact des Fintech sur la structure des marchés bancaires," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 3, pages 181-192.
• Olivier Klein, 2019, "Stratégies de la banque de détail face à la révolution technologique," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 3, pages 193-206.
• Olivier Lopez & Florence Picard, 2019, "Cyber-assurance : nouveaux modèles pour quantifier l’impact économique des risques numériques," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 3, pages 245-256.
• Honoré Bidiasse & Gregory Paulin Mvogo, 2019, "Les déterminants de l’adoption du mobile money : l’importance des facteurs spécifiques au Cameroun," Revue d'économie industrielle, De Boeck Université, volume 0, issue 1, pages 85-115.
• Vanessa Casadella & Sofiane Tahi, 2019, "L’utilisation du concept « Système National d’Innovation » dans les P.E.D. : quelle pertinence conceptuelle pour quels indicateurs ?," Revue d'économie industrielle, De Boeck Université, volume 0, issue 3, pages 9-37.
• Emmanuelle Dutertre & Bernard Jullien, 2019, "De la transformation numérique rêvée d’une industrie à sa transformation numérique réelle : le cas de l’entretien et de la réparation automobile," Revue d'économie industrielle, De Boeck Université, volume 0, issue 4, pages 103-129.
• Zsófia L. Bárány & Christian Siegel, 2019, "Job Polarization, Structural Transformation and Biased Technological Change," Travail et Emploi, La DARES, volume 0, issue 1, pages 25-44.
• Purnendu Kumar & S. Sujeesh Kumar & Archana Dilip, 2019, "Effectivness of the Adoption of the XBRL Standard in the Indian Banking Sector," Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, Central bank of Montenegro, volume 8, issue 1, pages 39-52.
• Ulisses Pereira dos Santos & Márcia Siqueira Rapini & Philipe Scherrer Mendes, 2019, "Impactos dos incentivos fiscais na inovação de grandes empresas: uma avaliação das empresas da pesquisa da sondagem de inovação da ABDI," Textos para Discussão Cedeplar-UFMG, Cedeplar, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, number 597, Mar.
• Alberto Néstor Terlato, 2019, "Modelos de gobierno de tipo horizontal, una perspectiva frente a los sistemas jerárquicos clásicos," CEMA Working Papers: Serie Documentos de Trabajo., Universidad del CEMA, number 692, Apr.
• Alberto Néstor Terlato, 2019, "Estrategia y Decisiones en ambientes VICA. Implicancias de este entorno para las empresas," CEMA Working Papers: Serie Documentos de Trabajo., Universidad del CEMA, number 699, Aug.
• Per-Anders Edin & Tiernan Evans & Georg Graetz & Sofia Hernnäs & Guy Michaels, 2019, "When machines replace people: individual consequences of occupational decline," CentrePiece - The magazine for economic performance, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number 561, Nov.
• Alex Bell & Raj Chetty & Xavier Jaravel & Neviana Petkova & John Van Reenen, 2019, "Do tax cuts produce more Einsteins? The impacts of financial incentives vs. exposure to innovation on the supply of inventors," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp1597, Jan.
• Per-Anders Edin & Tiernan Evans & Georg Graetz & Sofia Hernnäs & Guy Michaels, 2019, "Individual consequences of occupational decline," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp1629, Jun.
• Enrico Moretti & Claudia Steinwender & John Van Reenen, 2019, "The intellectual spoils of war? Defense R&D, productivity and international spillovers," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp1662, Nov.
• Felix Koenig, 2019, "Technical change and superstar effects: evidence from the roll-out of television," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp1663, Nov.
• Philippe Aghion & Antonin Bergeaud & Richard Blundell & Rachel Griffith, 2019, "The innovation premium to soft skills in low-skilled occupations," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp1665, Dec.
• Max Gillman, 2019, "A Human Capital Theory of Structural Transformation," CERGE-EI Working Papers, The Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education - Economics Institute, Prague, number wp648, Dec.
• Frank R. Lichtenberg, 2019, "The impact of new drug launches on hospitalization in 2015 for 67 medical conditions in 15 OECD countries: a two-way fixed-effects analysis," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 7559.
• Dany Bahar & Prithwiraj Choudhury & Hillel Rapoport, 2019, "Migrant inventors and the technological advantage of nations," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 7690.
• Per-Anders Edin & Tiernan Evans & Georg Graetz & Sofia Hernnäs & Guy Michaels, 2019, "Individual Consequences of Occupational Decline," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 7720.
• Burkhard Heer & Andreas Irmen, 2019, "Automation, Economic Growth, and the Labor Share - A Comment on Prettner (2019) -," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 7730.
• Massimo Anelli & Italo Colantone & Piero Stanig, 2019, "We Were the Robots: Automation and Voting Behavior in Western Europe," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 7758.
• Giorgio Presidente, 2019, "Institutions, Holdup and Automation," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 7834.
• Ufuk Akcigit & Sina T. Ates, 2019, "Ten Facts on Declining Business Dynamism and Lessons from Endogenous Growth Theory," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 7849.
• Ufuk Akcigit & Sina T. Ates, 2019, "What Happened to U.S. Business Dynamism?," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 7854.
• Christoph March, 2019, "The Behavioral Economics of Artificial Intelligence: Lessons from Experiments with Computer Players," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 7926.
• Paul Gaggl & Rowena Gray & Ioana Marinescu & Miguel Morin, 2019, "Does Electricity Drive Structural Transformation? Evidence from the United States," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 7930.
• Dany Bahar & Hillel Rapoport & Riccardo Turati, 2019, "Does Birthplace Diversity Affect Economic Complexity? Cross-Country Evidence," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 7950.
• Maya Eden & Paul Gaggl, 2019, "Capital Composition and the Declining Labor Share," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 7996.
• Christopher J. Blackburn & Juan Moreno-Cruz, 2019, "Energy Efficiency in General Equilibrium with Input-Output Linkages," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 8007.
• Rick van der Ploeg & Armon Rezai, 2019, "Stranded Assets in the Transition to a Carbon-Free Economy," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 8025.
• El Hadi Caoui, 2019, "Estimating the Costs of Standardization: Evidence from the Movie Industry," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 8040.
• Torsten J. Gerpott, 2019, "Eckpunkte der Vergaberegeln zur Frequenzauktion 2019: Weichenstellungen für den Mobilfunkmarkt in Deutschland," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, volume 72, issue 01, pages 23-28, January.
• Oliver Falck & Valentin Lindlacher & Wilhelm Eschweiler & Dirk Wössner & Michael Heinz, 2019, "Versteigerung der 5G-Lizenzen in Deutschland – ein Meilenstein auf dem Weg in die digitale Zukunft?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, volume 72, issue 21, pages 03-14, November.
• Uluc Aysun, 2019, "Volatility costs of R&D," Working Papers, University of Central Florida, Department of Economics, number 2019-02, Jan.
• Uluc Aysun & Zeynep Yom, 2019, "R&D, innovation spillover and business cycles," Working Papers, University of Central Florida, Department of Economics, number 2019-04, Oct.
• Sophie Piton, 2019, "Do Unit Labour Costs Matter? A Decomposition Exercise on European Data," Discussion Papers, Centre for Macroeconomics (CFM), number 1910, Apr.
• Boberg-Fazlic, Nina & Sharp, Paul, 2019, "Immigrant Communities and Knowledge Spillovers: DanishAmericans and the Development of the Dairy Industry in the United States," CAGE Online Working Paper Series, Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE), number 420.
• Lars Boerner & Jared Rubin & Battista Severgnini, 2019, "A Time to Print, a Time to Reform," Working Papers, Chapman University, Economic Science Institute, number 19-07.
• Dany Bahar & Andreas Hauptmann & Cem Özgüzel & Hillel Rapoport, 2019, "Migration and Post-conflict Reconstruction: The Effect of Returning Refugees on Export Performance in the Former Yugoslavia," CID Working Papers, Center for International Development at Harvard University, number 120a, Oct.
• Dany Bahar & Andreas Hauptmann & Cem Özgüzel & Hillel Rapoport, 2019, "Migration and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: The Effect of Returning Refugees on Export Performance in the Former Yugoslavia," Working Papers, CEPII research center, number 2019-12, Oct.
• Dany Bahar & Prithwiraj Choudhury & Hillel Rapoport, 2019, "Migrant Inventors and the Technological Advantage of Nations," Working Papers, CEPII research center, number 2019-13, Oct.
• Paula Bustos & Juan Manuel Castro Vincenzi & Joan Monras & Jacopo Ponticelli, 2019, "Structural Transformation, Industrial Specialization, and Endogenous Growth," Working Papers, CEMFI, number wp2019_1906, Mar.
• Bilal HMOUD & Varallyai LASZLO, 2019, "Will Artificial Intelligence Take Over Humanresources Recruitment And Selection?," Network Intelligence Studies, Romanian Foundation for Business Intelligence, Editorial Department, issue 13, pages 21-30, July.
• Adriana UNGUREANU & Emilia PASCU, 2019, "How To Persuade Customers In Selling Nanoproducts?," Network Intelligence Studies, Romanian Foundation for Business Intelligence, Editorial Department, issue 14, pages 135-141, December.
• Ortal FALKOVITCH & Carmit Moshe ROZENTAL, 2019, "The Digitalization Of Banking In Israel And Its Effect On Customer Satisfaction. A Qualitative Study From The Perspective Of Managers At Two Israeli Banks," Network Intelligence Studies, Romanian Foundation for Business Intelligence, Editorial Department, issue 14, pages 143-154, December.
• Hernando Zuleta & Daniel Gamboa, 2019, "Factor reallocation and growth: what if there are labor saving innovations?," Documentos CEDE, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, number 17199, Feb.
• Andr√©s √Ålvarez & Camilo GÔøΩmez & Hernando Zuleta & Camilo Acosta, 2019, "Birth Rates, Factor Shares, and Growth," Documentos CEDE, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, number 17318, May.
• Florentino Malaver Rodríguez & Marisela Vargas P�rez, 2019, "Bogotá-Región en el escenario OCDE: prismas e indicadores de innovación," Revista Cuadernos de Economia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, FCE, CID, volume 39, issue 79, pages 103-138.
• Julián A. Parra & Carlos Arango - Joaqu�n Bernal & Jos� E. G�mez - Javier G�mez & Carlos Le�n - Clara Machado & Daniel Osorio - Daniel Rojas & Nicol�s Su�rez - Eduardo Yanquen, 2019, "Criptoactivos: análisis y revisión de literatura," Revista ESPE - Ensayos Sobre Política Económica, Banco de la República, issue 92, pages 1-37.
• Juan Pablo GARCÍA & Mar�a Camila PATI�O & Oscar SALAZAR & Edwin RAMIREZ, 2019, "Lineamientos y recomendaciones para el escalamiento de los servicios de extensión tecnológica en Colombia," Archivos de Economía, Departamento Nacional de Planeación, number 17339, Jul.
• Mateus Dias & Rudi Rocha & Rodrigo R. Soares, 2019, "Down the River: Glyphosate Use in Agriculture and Birth Outcomes of Surrounding Populations," Documentos de Trabajo, The Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association (LACEA), number 17176, Feb.
• Wiljan van den Berge, 2019, "Automatic Reaction – What Happens to Workers at Firms that Automate?," CPB Discussion Paper, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, number 390, Feb.
• Agnieszka Czajkowska, 2019, "The role of financing innovative technological investments with credit for technological innovations," Ekonomia i Prawo, Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, volume 18, issue 4, pages 413-423, December, DOI: 10.12775/EiP.2019.027.
• Veugelers, Reinhilde & Pezzoni, Michele, 2019, "How fast is this novel technology going to be a hit?," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13447, Jan.
• Thisse, Jacques-François & Liang, Wen-Jung & Mai, Chao-Cheng & Wang, Ping, 2019, "On the Economics of Science Parks," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13568, Mar.
• Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés & Haus-Reve, Silje & Fitjar, Rune, 2019, "Does combining different types of collaboration always benefit firms? Collaboration, complementarity and product innovation in," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13622, Mar.
• Propper, Carol & Avdic, Daniel & von Hinke Kessler Scholder, Stephanie & Lagerqvist, Bo & Vikström, Johan, 2019, "Information shocks and provider responsiveness: evidence from interventional cardiology," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13627, Mar.
• Akcigit, Ufuk & Ates, Sina T., 2019, "Ten Facts on Declining Business Dynamism and Lessons from Endogenous Growth Theory," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13668, Apr.
• Akcigit, Ufuk & Ates, Sina T., 2019, "What Happened to U.S. Business Dynamism?," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13669, Apr.
• Taylor, Alan M. & O'Rourke, Kevin & Rahman, Ahmed, 2019, "Trade, Technology, and the Great Divergence," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13674, Apr.
• Gordon, Robert J. & Sayed, Hassan, 2019, "The Industry Anatomy of the Transatlantic Productivity Growth Slowdown," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13751, May.
• Sharp, Paul & Boberg-Fazlic, Nina, 2019, "Immigrant Communities and Knowledge Spillovers: Danish-Americans and the Development of the Dairy Industry in the United States," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13757, May.
• Schnitzer, Monika & Krieger, Joshua & Watzinger, Martin, 2019, "Standing on the shoulders of science," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13766, May.
• Gancia, Gino & Blanas, Sotiris & Lee, Sang Yoon (Tim), 2019, "Who Is Afraid of Machines?," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13802, Jun.
• Michaels, Guy & Edin, Per-Anders & Evans, Tiernan & Graetz, Georg & Hernnäs, Sofia, 2019, "Individual Consequences of Occupational Decline," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13808, Jun.
• Mayer, Thierry & Malgouyres, Clément & Mazet-Sonilhac, Clément, 2019, "Technology-induced Trade Shocks? Evidence from Broadband Expansion in France," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13847, Jul.
• Harhoff, Dietmar & Gaessler, Fabian & Sorg, Stefan, 2019, "Bargaining Failure and Freedom to Operate: Re-evaluating the Effect of Patents on Cumulative Innovation," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13969, Aug.
• Perotti, Enrico & Soons, Oscar, 2019, "The Political Economy of a Diverse Monetary Union," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13987, Sep.
• Akcigit, Ufuk & Akgunduz, Yusuf Emre & Ozcan Tok, Elif & Cilasun, Seyit Mümin & Yilmaz, Fatih, 2019, "Facts on Business Dynamism in Turkey," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13999, Sep.
• Griffith, Rachel & Aghion, Philippe & Blundell, Richard & Bergeaud, Antonin, 2019, "The innovation premium to soft skills in low-skilled occuptions," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 14102, Nov.
• Hombert, Johan & Matray, Adrien, 2019, "Technology Boom, Labor Reallocation, and Human Capital Depreciation," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 14136, Nov.
• van der Beek, Karine & Mokyr, Joel & Sarid, Assaf, 2019, "The Wheels of Change: Technology Adoption, Millwrights, and Persistence in Britain’s Industrialization," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 14138, Nov.
• Van Reenen, John & Moretti, Enrico & Steinwender, Claudia, 2019, "The Intellectual Spoils of War? Defense R&D, Productivity and International Spillovers," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 14145, Nov.
• Hémous, David & Dechezleprêtre, Antoine & Olsen, Morten & Zanella, carlo, 2019, "Automating Labor: Evidence from Firm-level Patent Data," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 14249, Dec.
• Matsuyama, Kiminori & Latzer, Helene, 2019, "Reconsidering the Market Size Effect in Innovation and Growth," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 14250, Dec.
• Xintong Han & Lei Xu, 2019, "Technology Adoption in Input-Output Networks," Working Papers, Concordia University, Department of Economics, number 19001, Jan.
• Massimo Anelli & Italo Colantone & Piero Stanig, 2019, "We Were The Robots: Automation and Voting Behavior in Western Europe," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 1917, Oct.
• Laurin James & Michael Koelle & Simon Quinn, 2019, "Do Capital Grants Improve Microenterprise Productivity?," CSAE Working Paper Series, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford, number 2019-13.
• Maria Rosaria Carillo & Vincenzo Lombardo & Alberto Zazzaro, 2019, "The Rise and Fall of Family Firms in the Process of Development," Development Working Papers, Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, University of Milano, number 444, Jan.
• Jacopo Bonan & Harounan Kazianga & Mariapia Mendola, 2019, "Agricultural Transformation and Farmers' Expectations: Experimental Evidence from Uganda," Development Working Papers, Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, University of Milano, number 458, Dec.
• Giovanni Dosi & Mariacristina Piva & Maria Enrica Virgillito & Marco Vivarelli, 2019, "Technology and employment in a vertically connected economy: a model and an empirical test," DISCE - Working Papers del Dipartimento di Politica Economica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimenti e Istituti di Scienze Economiche (DISCE), number dipe0005, Jun.
• Laura Barbieri & Chiara Mussida & Mariacristina Piva & Marco Vivarelli, 2019, "Testing the employment impact of automation, robots and AI: A survey and some methodological issues," DISCE - Working Papers del Dipartimento di Politica Economica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimenti e Istituti di Scienze Economiche (DISCE), number dipe0006, Sep.
• Dany Bahar & Hillel Rapoport & Riccardo Turati, 2019, "Does Birthplace Diversity Affect Economic Complexity ? Cross-Country Evidence," LIDAM Discussion Papers IRES, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES), number 2019020, Nov.
• Mario COCCIA, 2019, "Technological Parasitism," Journal of Economic and Social Thought, EconSciences Journals, volume 6, issue 3, pages 173-209, September.
• Mario COCCIA, 2019, "Destructive technologies as driving forces of new technological cycles for industrial and corporate change," Journal of Economic and Social Thought, EconSciences Journals, volume 6, issue 4, pages 252-277, December.
• Abdulkadir ÖZDEMÝR & Ahmet Kamil KABAKUÞ, 2019, "User acceptance of cloud based hospital information system," Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, EconSciences Journals, volume 6, issue 1, pages 28-46, March.
• Mario COCCIA, 2019, "Artificial intelligence technology in cancer imaging: Clinical challenges for detection of lung and breast cancer," Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, EconSciences Journals, volume 6, issue 2, pages 82-98, June.
• Mario COCCIA, 2019, "What is technology and technology change? A new conception with systemic-purposeful perspective for technology analysis," Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, EconSciences Journals, volume 6, issue 3, pages 145-169, September.
• Mario COCCIA, 2019, "Technological host-parasites co-evolution," Journal of Economics Library, EconSciences Journals, volume 6, issue 2, pages 97-117, June.
• Mario COCCIA, 2019, "Theories of the evolution of technology based on processes of competitive substitution and multi-mode interaction between technologies," Journal of Economics Bibliography, EconSciences Journals, volume 6, issue 2, pages 99-109, June.
• Пресиян Василев, 2019, "Организационни Подходи За Минимализиране На Киберрисковете При Одиторската Дейност," Almanac of PhD Students, D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, Svishtov, Bulgaria, volume 15, issue 15 Year 2, pages 174-189.
• Stanimira Yordanova & Kamelia Stefanova, 2019, "Major Technologies And Practical Aspects Of The Digital Transformation Of Business In A Big Data Environment," Business Management, D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, Svishtov, Bulgaria, issue 1 Year 20, pages 5-21.
• Станимира Йорданова & Камелия Стефанова, 2019, "Основни Технологии И Приложни Насоки За Дигитална Трансформация На Бизнеса В Среда На Големи Данни," Business Management, D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, Svishtov, Bulgaria, issue 1 Year 20, pages 5-24.
• Plamen Milev, 2019, "Trends In The Development Of Architecture Solutions For Web Publishing Systems," Business Management, D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, Svishtov, Bulgaria, issue 2 Year 20, pages 16-30.
• Пламен Милев, 2019, "Тенденции В Развитието На Архитектурните Решения При Системите За Уеб Публикации," Business Management, D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, Svishtov, Bulgaria, issue 2 Year 20, pages 17-33.
• Monika Tsaneva, 2019, "A Practical Approach For Integrating Heterogeneous Systems," Business Management, D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, Svishtov, Bulgaria, issue 2 Year 20, pages 5-15.
• Моника Цанева, 2019, "Практически Подход За Интегриране На Хетерогенни Системи," Business Management, D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, Svishtov, Bulgaria, issue 2 Year 20, pages 5-16.
• Mario A. Maggioni & Emanuela Marrocu & Teodora Erika Uberti & Stefano Usai, 2019, "Of Trees and Monkeys. The evolution of technological specialization of European regions," DISEIS - Quaderni del Dipartimento di Economia internazionale, delle istituzioni e dello sviluppo, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento di Economia internazionale, delle istituzioni e dello sviluppo (DISEIS), number dis1904.
• Wolf-Peter Schill & Jochen Diekmann & Andreas Püttner, 2019, "Sechster Bundesländervergleich erneuerbare Energien: Schleswig-Holstein und Baden- Württemberg an der Spitze," DIW Wochenbericht, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, volume 86, issue 48, pages 881-894.
• Jeremy Greenwood & Nezih Guner & Karen A. Kopecky, 2019, "The Wife's Protector: A Quantitative Theory Linking Contraceptive Technology with the Decline in Marriage," Economie d'Avant Garde Research Reports, Economie d'Avant Garde, number 31, Jul.
• Gonca Reyhan AKKARTAL & Erkut AKKARTAL & Can YILDIRIM, 2019, "The Management Of Innovation In Supply Chain," Eurasian Business & Economics Journal, Eurasian Academy Of Sciences, volume 17, issue 17, pages 43-52, February, DOI: 10.17740/eas.econ.2019.V17-04.
• Hélène Latzer & Kiminori Matsuyama & Mathieu Parenti, 2019, "Reconsidering the Market Size Effect in Innovation and Growth," Working Papers ECARES, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, number 2019-31, Dec.
• Chimienti, Maria Teresa & Kochanska, Urszula & Pinna, Andrea, 2019, "Understanding the crypto-asset phenomenon, its risks and measurement issues," Economic Bulletin Articles, European Central Bank, volume 5.
• Manaa, Mehdi & Chimienti, Maria Teresa & Adachi, Mitsutoshi & Athanassiou, Phoebus & Balteanu, Irina & Calza, Alessandro & Devaney, Conall & Diaz Fernandez, Ester & Eser, Fabian & Ganoulis, Ioannis & , 2019, "Crypto-Assets: Implications for financial stability, monetary policy, and payments and market infrastructures," Occasional Paper Series, European Central Bank, number 223, May.
• Bullmann, Dirk & Klemm, Jonas & Pinna, Andrea, 2019, "In search for stability in crypto-assets: are stablecoins the solution?," Occasional Paper Series, European Central Bank, number 230, Aug.
• Dias Da Silva, António & Laws, Athene & Petroulakis, Filippos, 2019, "Hours of work polarisation?," Working Paper Series, European Central Bank, number 2324, Oct.
• Mitali Das, 2019, "Does the Exposure to Routinization Explain the Evolution of the Labor Share of Income? Evidence from Asia," ADB Institute Series on Development Economics, Springer, chapter 0, in: Gary Fields & Saumik Paul, "Labor Income Share in Asia", DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7803-4_2.
• Mary O’Mahony & Michela Vecchi & Francesco Venturini, 2019, "Technology, Market Regulations, and Labor Share Dynamics," ADB Institute Series on Development Economics, Springer, chapter 0, in: Gary Fields & Saumik Paul, "Labor Income Share in Asia", DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7803-4_4.
• Cuong Le Van & Nguyen To The, 2019, "Farmers’ adoption of organic production," Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, Springer, volume 3, issue 1, pages 33-59, February, DOI: 10.1007/s41685-018-0082-4.
• Shota Moriwaki, 2019, "Historical evolution of modified technology in silk-reeling industry during the early Meiji era: case of Gifu," Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, Springer, volume 3, issue 2, pages 395-420, June, DOI: 10.1007/s41685-018-0100-6.
• Isabel Almudi & Francisco Fatas-Villafranca, 2019, "Innovation, Structural Change and Multisectoral Economic Growth," Economic Complexity and Evolution, Springer, in: Andreas Chai & Chad M. Baum, "Demand, Complexity, and Long-Run Economic Evolution", DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02423-9_9.
• Kai Reimers & Xunhua Guo & Mingzhi Li, 2019, "Beyond markets, hierarchies, and hybrids: an institutional perspective on IT-enabled two-sided markets," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, volume 29, issue 2, pages 287-305, June, DOI: 10.1007/s12525-018-0319-0.
• Jakob Wirth & Christian Maier & Sven Laumer & Tim Weitzel, 2019, "Perceived information sensitivity and interdependent privacy protection: a quantitative study," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, volume 29, issue 3, pages 359-378, September, DOI: 10.1007/s12525-019-00335-0.
• Key Pousttchi & Alexander Gleiss, 2019, "Surrounded by middlemen - how multi-sided platforms change the insurance industry," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, volume 29, issue 4, pages 609-629, December, DOI: 10.1007/s12525-019-00363-w.
• Sören Wallbach & Katrin Coleman & Ralf Elbert & Alexander Benlian, 2019, "Multi-sided platform diffusion in competitive B2B networks: inhibiting factors and their impact on network effects," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, volume 29, issue 4, pages 693-710, December, DOI: 10.1007/s12525-019-00382-7.
• Luigi Aldieri & Maxim Kotsemir & Concetto Paolo Vinci, 2019, "The impact of environmental innovations on job-creation process: an empirical investigation for Russian regions," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, volume 21, issue 2, pages 285-306, April, DOI: 10.1007/s10018-018-0230-0.