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Economic implications of a phased‐in EV mandate in Canada

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  • Ross McKitrick

Abstract

Canada plans to phase out internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) sales in favour of electric vehicles (EVs) by 2035 as part of its climate policy. Herein I examine the economic implications of a phased‐in electric vehicle mandate. I show using partial equilibrium analysis that when both types of cars are available, auto companies will overproduce electric vehicles and earn scarcity rents on internal combustion engine vehicles that partially offset the revenue loss on electric vehicles. I then present a numerical general equilibrium model of the Canadian economy to assess the overall macroeconomic consequences of the policy. The results depend critically on the assumed pace at which electric vehicles achieve cost parity with internal combustion engine vehicles on a quality‐adjusted basis. An electric vehicle mandate will have manageable economic consequences if technology improves so rapidly that the mandate is unnecessary. If the mandate outpaces achievement of cost parity the economic consequences can be severe and would likely cause the auto manufacturing sector to shut down. The cost per tonne of emission reductions are at least 10 times the Canadian carbon tax rate while the mandate is binding. The analysis provides insight into why automakers have been willing hitherto to develop and sell electric vehicles even though they currently lose money on them. Répercussions économiques du mandat progressif concernant les véhicules électriques au Canada. Le Canada prévoit l'élimination progressive des ventes de véhicules à moteur à combustion interne (VMCI) en faveur des ventes de véhicules électriques (VE) d'ici 2035 dans le cadre de sa politique sur les changements climatiques. Aux présentes, j'examine les répercussions économiques du mandat progressif concernant les véhicules électriques. Je démontre à l'aide de l'analyse de l'équilibre partiel que lorsque les deux types de véhicules sont disponibles, les constructeurs automobiles surproduisent des VE et récoltent des rentes de rareté sur les VMCI qui compensent partiellement les pertes de recettes tirées des VE. Je présente ensuite un modèle d'équilibre général calculable de l'économie canadienne qui évalue les conséquences macroéconomiques générales de la politique. Les résultats dépendent de façon critique du rythme supposé auquel les VE atteignent la parité tarifaire avec les VMCI après ajustement qualitatif. Le mandat concernant les VE aura des conséquences économiques gérables si la technologie s'améliore si rapidement que le mandat devient inutile. Si le mandat va plus vite que l'atteinte de la parité tarifaire, les conséquences économiques pourraient être graves et entraîneraient probablement la disparition du secteur de la construction automobile. Le coût par tonne des réductions des émissions est au moins dix fois le taux de la taxe sur le carbone du Canada pendant que le mandat est contraignant. L'analyse fournit des renseignements sur les raisons pour lesquelles les constructeurs automobiles ont été disposés jusqu'à présent à mettre au point et à vendre des VE même s'ils perdent actuellement de l'argent sur ces véhicules.

Suggested Citation

  • Ross McKitrick, 2024. "Economic implications of a phased‐in EV mandate in Canada," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 57(4), pages 1434-1458, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:57:y:2024:i:4:p:1434-1458
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12745
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