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Mondialisation des grands groupes : de nouveaux indicateurs ; suivi d'un commentaire de Marie-Laure Cheval

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  • François Benaroya
  • Édouard Bourcieu
  • Marie-Laure Cheval

Abstract

[eng] Globalisation of Large Groups: New Indicators . . Growth in international trade and investment suggests that the world economy has never been so integrated as it is today. The largest multinational firms, major globalisation players, appear to have attained truly planetary coverage. Yet globalisation is defined hesitantly and is therefore virtually never correctly evaluated or measured. Globalisation and transnationality indicators such as the proportion of assets or employees abroad are already available on firms, especially the largest multinational groups. However, these standard indicators do not reflect the complexity of the firms’ internationalisation methods, especially their regional strategies. A new perspective is presented here using Dun and Bradstreet’s database detailing the 83,000 subsidiaries of the world’s 750 largest groups in 1998. We apply a series of concentration measures (Herfindahl or Herfindahl-Hirschman indices) to these data, with each measure corresponding to a specific definition of globalisation. The series of measures is used to evaluate the extent of these firms’ globalisation and to compare it with the two possible references of time (to what extent are the firms more globalised now than a few years ago?) and space (do the firms behave as if they were in a borderless world?) [ger] Globalisierung der großen Konzerne: neue Indikatoren . . Nach der Entwicklung des Welthandels oder der weltweiten Investitionstätigkeit zu urteilen, war die Weltwirtschaft noch nie so integriert wie heute. Die größten internationalen Unternehmen, die die Hauptakteure der Globalisierung sind, haben eine wirkliche planetare Dimension erlangt. Für die Globalisierung gibt es jedoch keine präzise Definition, weshalb sie nie richtig bewertet oder gemessen werden kann. Für die Unternehmen, insbesondere die größten multinationalen Konzerne, verfügt man bereits über Globalisierungs-oder Transnationalitätsindikatoren, wie beispielsweise der Anteil der Vermögenswerte oder Beschäftigten im Ausland; diese Indikatoren geben aber keinen Aufschluss über die Komplexität der Internationalisierungsverfahren der Unternehmen, vor allem nicht über ihre regionalen Strategien. Dieser Artikel zeigt neue Perspektiven auf anhand der Auswertung einer Datenbank von Dun und Bradstreet, die Daten über die 83 000 Tochtergesellschaften der 750 weltweit größten Konzerne für das Jahr 1998 umfasst, sowie durch Rückgriff auf eine Reihe von Konzentrationsmessungen (die so genannten Herfindahl-oder Herfindahl-Hirschman-Indikatoren), die jeweils einer präzisen Definition der Globalisierung entsprechen. Mit diesen Daten wird versucht, den Grad der Globalisierung dieser Unternehmen zu bewerten und ihn mit zwei möglichen Bezugswerten zu vergleichen, einem zeitlichen Bezugswert (inwiefern sind die Unternehmen heute globalisierter als vor einigen Jahren?) und einem räumlichen Bezugswert (verhalten sich die Unternehmen so, als gebe es keine Grenzen mehr?). [fre] Mondialisation des grands groupes: de nouveaux indicateurs . . L’économie mondiale, à en juger par l’évolution des échanges ou des investissements internationaux, paraît n’avoir jamais été aussi intégrée qu’aujourd’hui. Les plus grandes firmes multinationales, acteurs majeurs de la mondialisation, semblent avoir atteint une véritable couverture planétaire. La mondialisation est cependant définie de façon hésitante, et de ce fait, quasiment jamais correctement évaluée ou mesurée. Pour les entreprises, et en particulier les plus grands groupes multinationaux, des indicateurs de mondialisation ou de transnationalité existent déjà, comme par exemple la part des actifs ou des effectifs à l’étranger, mais ces indicateurs usuels ne reflètent pas la complexité des modes d’internationalisation des firmes, notamment leurs stratégies régionales. Une perspective nouvelle en est donnée ici en exploitant les données d’une base de Dun et Bradstreet détaillant les 83 000 filiales des 750 plus grands groupes mondiaux pour l’année 1998, et en lui appliquant une série de mesures de concentration (indices dits de Herfindahl ou Herfindahl-Hirschman), correspondant à chaque fois à une définition précise de la mondialisation. À partir de cette base, une série de mesures essaient d’évaluer le degré de mondialisation de ces entreprises, et le comparer aux deux références possibles, temporelle (dans quelle mesure les firmes sontelles aujourd’hui plus mondialisées qu’il y a quelques années?) et spatiale (les firmes se comportent-elles comme dans un monde qui serait sans frontières?). [spa] Mundialización de los grandes grupos: nuevos indicadores . . La economía mundial, a juzgar por la evolución de los intercambios o de las inversiones internacionales, nunca ha parecido tan integrada como hoy. Las mayores firmas internacionales, mayores protagonistas de la mundialización, parecen haber alcanzado una verdadera cobertura planetaria. A pesar de todo la definición de la mundialización sigue siendo muy poco precisa, por lo cual casi nunca se mide ni se evalúa de manera correcta. Para las empresas, y en especial para los mayores grupos multinacionales, unos indicadores de mundialización o de transnacionalidad existen ya, como por ejemplo la proporción de activos o de plantilla en el extranjero, pero esos indicadores usuales no reflejan la complejidad de los modos de internacionalización de las firmas, en especial sus estrategias regionales. Presentamos aquí un nuevo enfoque al explotar los datos de una base de Dun y Bradstreet que pormenoriza las 83 000 filiales de los 750 mayores grupos mundiales para el año 1998 y aplicándoles una serie de mediciones de concentración (los llamados índices de Herfindahl o Herfindahl-Hirschman), que corresponden cada vez a determinada definición de la mundialización. A partir de esta base, una serie de mediciones intentan evaluar el grado de mundialización de esas empresas, y compararlo con las dos referencias posibles, la temporal (¿ en qué medida las firmas están hoy más mundializadas que hace unos cuantos años?) y la espacial (¿ se comportan las firmas como en un mundo sin fronteras?).

Suggested Citation

  • François Benaroya & Édouard Bourcieu & Marie-Laure Cheval, 2003. "Mondialisation des grands groupes : de nouveaux indicateurs ; suivi d'un commentaire de Marie-Laure Cheval," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 363(1), pages 145-166.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2003_num_363_1_7330
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2003.7330
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2003.7330
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