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The Impact of Agricultural Employment and Technological Innovation on the Environment: Evidence from BRICS Nations Considering a Novel Environmental Sustainability Indicator

Author

Listed:
  • Erti Jiaduo

    (Southwest Minzu Research Institute, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China)

  • Md. Golam Kibria

    (Department of Economics, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh)

  • Nazhat Nury Aspy

    (Department of Economics, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh)

  • Ehsan Ullah

    (Graduate School of Economics and Management, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia)

  • Md. Emran Hossain

    (Department of Agricultural Sciences, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA)

Abstract

This study fills a gap created by previous environmental investigations by including the impact of agricultural employment and technology on the load capacity factor (LCF) rather than solely focusing on CO 2 or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which only measure from the demand side; LCF provides a complete picture of environmental degradation by evaluating both the demand side and supply side. This connection is moderated further by considering the renewable energy and natural resource rent impacts. In this analysis, panel econometric methods are incorporated, including the cross-sectional dependence test. This study uses the Pooled Mean Group–Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL) model to evaluate the level of effect independent factors had on the LCF of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) nations from 1992 to 2020 in the presence of a heterogeneous integration order. The estimations recognize heterogeneity in the effects of agricultural employment, renewable energy, natural resource rent, and technology on LCF, in the short run and long run. According to the empirical results, agricultural employment significantly enhances the LCF both in the short run and long run, implying that employment in agriculture improves environmental sustainability. However, increasing the use of renewable energy protects the environment from degradation only in the long run; it has no significant impact in the short run. On the contrary, natural resource rent and technology lead to a decline in environmental sustainability in the long run. Hence, this study recommends prioritizing renewable energy intake over other energies, providing proper incentives to motivate agricultural entrepreneurship to ensure a sustainable environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Erti Jiaduo & Md. Golam Kibria & Nazhat Nury Aspy & Ehsan Ullah & Md. Emran Hossain, 2023. "The Impact of Agricultural Employment and Technological Innovation on the Environment: Evidence from BRICS Nations Considering a Novel Environmental Sustainability Indicator," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-21, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:20:p:15083-:d:1263617
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    Cited by:

    1. Md. Emran Hossain & Ehsan Ullah & Mohd Ziaur Rehman & Mohammad Haseeb & Miguel Angel Esquivias, 2024. "Going Sustainable or Going Extinct: The Consequences of Clean Technologies, Green Finance, and Natural Resources on the Environment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-18, July.
    2. Leyla Ergene & Nurullah Altıntaş & Muhammet Yeniyurt, 2025. "The ınfluence of financial markets, financial ınstitutions and economic growth on environmental quality and sustainability: Testing the LCC hypothesis in the case of China," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(8), pages 20229-20262, August.
    3. Sharmiladevi Jekka Chandrasekaran, 2024. "Agricultural Value Added in BRICS: A Panel Data Study," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(3), pages 171-178, May.
    4. Nasiru Inuwa & Soumen Rej & Joshua Chukwuma Onwe & Md. Emran Hossain, 2025. "Do clean energy and dependence on natural resources stimulate environmental sustainability? A new approach with load capacity factor and temperature," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 49(1), pages 800-823, February.

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