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Effect of Agricultural Employment and Export Diversification Index on Environmental Pollution: Building the Agenda towards Sustainability

Author

Listed:
  • Guirong Jiang

    (College of Economics, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
    College of Economics and Management, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China)

  • Rafael Alvarado

    (Carrera de Economía and Centro de Investigaciones Sociales y Económicas, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Loja 110150, Ecuador)

  • Muntasir Murshed

    (School of Business and Economics, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh)

  • Brayan Tillaguango

    (Esai Business School, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondon 091650, Ecuador)

  • Elisa Toledo

    (Departamento de Economía, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110150, Ecuador)

  • Priscila Méndez

    (Carrera de Economía, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Loja 110150, Ecuador)

  • Cem Isik

    (Faculty of Tourism, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26210, Turkey)

Abstract

Agricultural activities have a significant impact on environmental quality, because they generate waste that pollutes water and soil. In parallel, the supply of products has diversified in recent years to meet growing demand, exerting strong pressure on nature’s capacity for regeneration and absorption of waste. This research aims to examine the impact of agricultural employment and the export diversification index on ecological footprints, using advanced techniques of panel data econometrics. This relationship is moderated by population density and real per capita product. Cross-section dependence and slope homogeneity were included in the econometric models. The cointegration and causality analysis was reinforced by estimating the short- and long-term elasticities, using the AMG, CCE-MG, FMOLS, and DOLS models. Using annual data for 96 countries, we found a heterogeneous impact of agricultural employment and the export diversification index on ecological footprint, between the short and long term. The findings reveal that the increase of the product increases the pressure on the ecological footprint. The achievement of SDGs must include joint efforts between countries, and not in isolation. Those responsible for environmental policy should promote the idea that production must be friendly to the environment and promote the green growth of countries. The adoption of new technology, higher productivity agricultural employment, and the regulation of exports of sustainable products can contribute to achieving environmental sustainability.

Suggested Citation

  • Guirong Jiang & Rafael Alvarado & Muntasir Murshed & Brayan Tillaguango & Elisa Toledo & Priscila Méndez & Cem Isik, 2022. "Effect of Agricultural Employment and Export Diversification Index on Environmental Pollution: Building the Agenda towards Sustainability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-20, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:2:p:677-:d:720494
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jinhua Shao & Brayan Tillaguango & Rafael Alvarado & Santiago Ochoa-Moreno & Johanna Alvarado-Espejo, 2021. "Environmental Impact of the Shadow Economy, Globalisation, Trade and Market Size: Evidence Using Linear and Non-Linear Methods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-20, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Bashir, Muhammad Farhan & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Malik, Muhammad Nasir & Ma, Beiling & Wang, Jianming, 2023. "Energy transition, natural resource consumption and environmental degradation: The role of geopolitical risk in sustainable development," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    2. Dai, Siwei & Du, Xiaoyan, 2023. "Discovering the role of trade diversification, natural resources, and environmental policy stringency on ecological sustainability in the BRICST region," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    3. Erti Jiaduo & Md. Golam Kibria & Nazhat Nury Aspy & Ehsan Ullah & Md. Emran Hossain, 2023. "The Impact of Agricultural Employment and Technological Innovation on the Environment: Evidence from BRICS Nations Considering a Novel Environmental Sustainability Indicator," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-21, October.
    4. Sayed Saghaian & Hosein Mohammadi & Morteza Mohammadi, 2022. "The Effects of Agricultural Product Exports on Environmental Quality," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-11, October.
    5. Ti-An Chen, 2022. "Business Performance Evaluation for Tourism Factory: Using DEA Approach and Delphi Method," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-19, July.
    6. Meng, Yue & Wu, Haoyue & Wang, Yunchen & Duan, Yinying, 2022. "International trade diversification, green innovation, and consumption-based carbon emissions: The role of renewable energy for sustainable development in BRICST countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C), pages 1243-1253.

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