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The Greening of Terminal Concessions in Seaports

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  • Theo Notteboom

    (Center for Eurasian Maritime and Inland Logistics (CEMIL), China Institute for FTZ Supply Chain, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
    Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
    Maritime Institute, Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
    Antwerp Maritime Academy, 2030 Antwerp, Belgium)

  • Jasmine Siu Lee Lam

    (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore)

Abstract

Port authorities around the world are pursuing a greening of port management in view of safeguarding their license to operate, and increasing their economic and environmental competitiveness. This paper analyzes how port authorities, via the design and implementation of concession agreements, can contribute to a further greening of port management. The paper presents a typology of green instruments applicable to a terminal concession setting. The instruments are evaluated on overall feasibility and suitability in a concession context, but also on more specific criteria related to implementation issues, contribution to green strategies, and targets of port authorities and regulatory/enforcement aspects. The evaluation matrix is based on the output of a structured workshop with port managers and concession experts in a sample of European ports. We demonstrate that a variety of regulatory, investment, and pricing measures are available to port authorities to include green targets in terminal concession agreements. Not all instruments have the same likeliness of being embraced or implemented by port authorities, in part because of a low perceived contribution, high associated regulation costs, or simply because the port authority is unlikely to have jurisdiction in that specific area. Measures related to information reporting and some types of harm-based standards, design standards, and technology specifications are relatively easy to implement in a concession setting. The results also show that many of the measures with a higher expected contribution to innovation and environmental objectives are typically also the ones with higher regulation costs, which might post a higher complexity in terms of their implementation in a concession setting. We further argue that initiatives toward the greening of concession procedures can only reap full benefits if these actions are embedded in a chain approach toward the environment (ship, port, terminal, warehouse, and inland transport).

Suggested Citation

  • Theo Notteboom & Jasmine Siu Lee Lam, 2018. "The Greening of Terminal Concessions in Seaports," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-17, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:9:p:3318-:d:170300
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Athanasios A Pallis & Theo E Notteboom & Peter W De Langen, 2008. "Concession Agreements and Market Entry in the Container Terminal Industry," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 10(3), pages 209-228, September.
    2. Villalba, Gara & Gemechu, Eskinder Demisse, 2011. "Estimating GHG emissions of marine ports--the case of Barcelona," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 1363-1368, March.
    3. Notteboom, Theo & Verhoeven, Patrick, 2010. "The awarding of seaport terminals to private operators: European practices and policy implications," European Transport \ Trasporti Europei, ISTIEE, Institute for the Study of Transport within the European Economic Integration, issue 45, pages 83-101.
    4. Panayides, Photis M. & Parola, Francesco & Lam, Jasmine Siu Lee, 2015. "The effect of institutional factors on public–private partnership success in ports," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 110-127.
    5. Gabriela Michalek & Georg Meran & Reimund Schwarze & Özgür Yildiz, 2015. "Nudging as a new 'soft' tool in environmental policy. An analysis based on insights from cognitive and social psychology," Discussion Paper Series RECAP15 21, RECAP15, European University Viadrina, Frankfurt (Oder).
    6. Jasmine Siu Lee Lam & Theo Notteboom, 2014. "The Greening of Ports: A Comparison of Port Management Tools Used by Leading Ports in Asia and Europe," Transport Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(2), pages 169-189, March.
    7. Lam, Jasmine Siu Lee & Gu, Yimiao, 2016. "A market-oriented approach for intermodal network optimisation meeting cost, time and environmental requirements," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 171(P2), pages 266-274.
    8. Albert Veenstra & Rob Zuidwijk & Eelco van Asperen, 2012. "The extended gate concept for container terminals: Expanding the notion of dry ports," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 14(1), pages 14-32, March.
    9. Gibbs, David & Rigot-Muller, Patrick & Mangan, John & Lalwani, Chandra, 2014. "The role of sea ports in end-to-end maritime transport chain emissions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 337-348.
    10. Theys, Christophe & Notteboom, Theo E. & Pallis, Athanasios A. & De Langen, Peter W., 2010. "The economics behind the awarding of terminals in seaports: Towards a research agenda," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 37-50.
    11. Patrick Verhoeven, 2010. "A review of port authority functions: towards a renaissance?," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(3), pages 247-270, May.
    12. Hall, Peter V. & O'Brien, Thomas & Woudsma, Clarence, 2013. "Environmental innovation and the role of stakeholder collaboration in West Coast port gateways," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 87-96.
    13. Michele Acciaro & Thierry Vanelslander & Christa Sys & Claudio Ferrari & Athena Roumboutsos & Genevieve Giuliano & Jasmine Siu Lee Lam & Seraphim Kapros, 2014. "Environmental sustainability in seaports: a framework for successful innovation," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(5), pages 480-500, September.
    14. Claudio Ferrari & Manuela Basta, 2009. "Port concession fees based on the price-cap regulation: A DEA approach," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 11(1), pages 121-135, March.
    15. Beretti, Antoine & Figuières, Charles & Grolleau, Gilles, 2013. "Behavioral innovations: The missing capital in sustainable development?," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 187-195.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Lorenzo Franchi & Thierry Vanelslander, 2021. "Port Greening: Discrete Choice Analysis Investigation on Environmental Parameters Affecting Container Shipping Companies’ Behaviors," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-19, June.
    3. Eric Tamatey Lawer & Johannes Herbeck & Michael Flitner, 2019. "Selective Adoption: How Port Authorities in Europe and West Africa Engage with the Globalizing ‘Green Port’ Idea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-22, September.
    4. Tadeusz Bocheński & Tadeusz Palmowski & Tomasz Studzieniecki, 2021. "The Development of Major Seaports in the Context of National Maritime Policy. The Case Study of Poland," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-20, November.
    5. Anas S. Alamoush & Dimitrios Dalaklis & Fabio Ballini & Aykut I. Ölcer, 2023. "Consolidating Port Decarbonisation Implementation: Concept, Pathways, Barriers, Solutions, and Opportunities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-28, September.
    6. Theo Notteboom & Larissa van der Lugt & Niels van Saase & Steve Sel & Kris Neyens, 2020. "The Role of Seaports in Green Supply Chain Management: Initiatives, Attitudes, and Perspectives in Rotterdam, Antwerp, North Sea Port, and Zeebrugge," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-23, February.
    7. Monios, Jason, 2019. "Polycentric port governance," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 26-36.
    8. Zhengxin He & Jasmine Siu Lee Lam & Maohan Liang, 2023. "Impact of Disruption on Ship Emissions in Port: Case of Pandemic in Long Beach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-16, April.
    9. Michael Stein & Michele Acciaro, 2020. "Value Creation through Corporate Sustainability in the Port Sector: A Structured Literature Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-17, July.
    10. Eleftherios Sdoukopoulos & Maria Boile & Alkiviadis Tromaras & Nikolaos Anastasiadis, 2019. "Energy Efficiency in European Ports: State-Of-Practice and Insights on the Way Forward," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-25, September.
    11. Edvard Tijan & Adrijana Agatić & Marija Jović & Saša Aksentijević, 2019. "Maritime National Single Window—A Prerequisite for Sustainable Seaport Business," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(17), pages 1-21, August.
    12. Theo E. Notteboom & Hercules E. Haralambides, 2020. "Port management and governance in a post-COVID-19 era: quo vadis?," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 22(3), pages 329-352, September.

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