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Biodiesel Production from Non-Edible Beauty Leaf ( Calophyllum inophyllum ) Oil: Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Author

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  • Mohammad I. Jahirul

    (Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4000, Australia)

  • Wenyong Koh

    (Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4000, Australia)

  • Richard J. Brown

    (Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4000, Australia)

  • Wijitha Senadeera

    (Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4000, Australia)

  • Ian O'Hara

    (Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities (CTCB), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4000, Australia)

  • Lalehvash Moghaddam

    (Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities (CTCB), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4000, Australia)

Abstract

In recent years, the beauty leaf plant ( Calophyllum Inophyllum ) is being considered as a potential 2nd generation biodiesel source due to high seed oil content, high fruit production rate, simple cultivation and ability to grow in a wide range of climate conditions. However, however, due to the high free fatty acid (FFA) content in this oil, the potential of this biodiesel feedstock is still unrealized, and little research has been undertaken on it. In this study, transesterification of beauty leaf oil to produce biodiesel has been investigated. A two-step biodiesel conversion method consisting of acid catalysed pre-esterification and alkali catalysed transesterification has been utilized. The three main factors that drive the biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)) conversion from vegetable oil (triglycerides) were studied using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken experimental design. The factors considered in this study were catalyst concentration, methanol to oil molar ratio and reaction temperature. Linear and full quadratic regression models were developed to predict FFA and FAME concentration and to optimize the reaction conditions. The significance of these factors and their interaction in both stages was determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The reaction conditions for the largest reduction in FFA concentration for acid catalysed pre-esterification was 30:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 10% (w/w) sulfuric acid catalyst loading and 75 °C reaction temperature. In the alkali catalysed transesterification process 7.5:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 1% (w/w) sodium methoxide catalyst loading and 55 °C reaction temperature were found to result in the highest FAME conversion. The good agreement between model outputs and experimental results demonstrated that this methodology may be useful for industrial process optimization for biodiesel production from beauty leaf oil and possibly other industrial processes as well.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammad I. Jahirul & Wenyong Koh & Richard J. Brown & Wijitha Senadeera & Ian O'Hara & Lalehvash Moghaddam, 2014. "Biodiesel Production from Non-Edible Beauty Leaf ( Calophyllum inophyllum ) Oil: Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(8), pages 1-15, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:7:y:2014:i:8:p:5317-5331:d:39297
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Arumugam, A. & Ponnusami, V., 2019. "Biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum oil a potential non-edible feedstock: An overview," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 459-471.
    2. Olatundun, Esther Adedayo & Borokini, Omowumi Oluwatumininu & Betiku, Eriola, 2020. "Cocoa pod husk-plantain peel blend as a novel green heterogeneous catalyst for renewable and sustainable honne oil biodiesel synthesis: A case of biowastes-to-wealth," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 163-175.
    3. Laureano Costarrosa & David Eduardo Leiva-Candia & Antonio José Cubero-Atienza & Juan José Ruiz & M. Pilar Dorado, 2018. "Optimization of the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil with Mg-Al Hydrotalcite Using Response Surface Methodology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-9, January.
    4. Veronica Winoto & Nuttawan Yoswathana, 2019. "Optimization of Biodiesel Production Using Nanomagnetic CaO-Based Catalysts with Subcritical Methanol Transesterification of Rubber Seed Oil," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-13, January.
    5. Francisco Anguebes-Franseschi & Mohamed Abatal & Ali Bassam & Mauricio A. Escalante Soberanis & Oscar May Tzuc & Lauro Bucio-Galindo & Atl Victor Cordova Quiroz & Claudia Alejandra Aguilar Ucan & Migu, 2018. "Esterification Optimization of Crude African Palm Olein Using Response Surface Methodology and Heterogeneous Acid Catalysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-15, January.
    6. Farjana Faisal & Mohammad Golam Rasul & Ashfaque Ahmed Chowdhury & Md Islam Jahirul, 2024. "Optimisation of Process Parameters to Maximise the Oil Yield from Pyrolysis of Mixed Waste Plastics," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-24, March.
    7. Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah & Hwai Chyuan Ong & Wen Tong Chong & Lisa Aditya & Heri Hermansyah & Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia, 2017. "Life Cycle Cost and Sensitivity Analysis of Reutealis trisperma as Non-Edible Feedstock for Future Biodiesel Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-21, June.
    8. M. Anwar & M. G. Rasul & N. M. S. Hassan & M. I. Jahirul & Rezwanul Haque & M. M. Hasan & A. G. M. B. Mustayen & R. Karami & D. Schaller, 2022. "Stone Fruit Seed: A Source of Renewable Fuel for Transport," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-21, June.
    9. Singh, Deepak Kumar & Tirkey, Jeewan Vachan, 2022. "Performance optimization through response surface methodology of an integrated coal gasification and CI engine fuelled with diesel and low-grade coal-based producer gas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PC).
    10. Vigneshwar, V. & Krishnan, S. Yogesh & Kishna, R. Susanth & Srinath, R. & Ashok, B. & Nanthagopal, K., 2019. "Comprehensive review of Calophyllum inophyllum as a feasible alternate energy for CI engine applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    11. Mohammad I. Jahirul & Farhad M. Hossain & Mohammad G. Rasul & Ashfaque Ahmed Chowdhury, 2021. "A Review on the Thermochemical Recycling of Waste Tyres to Oil for Automobile Engine Application," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-18, June.

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