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Comparative Analysis of Environmental and Economic Performance of Agricultural Cooperatives and Smallholder Farmers for Apple Production in China

Author

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  • Juanjuan Cheng

    (School of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Qian Wang

    (School of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Dongjian Li

    (School of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Jin Yu

    (School of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China)

Abstract

China is the world’s largest apple producer, and agricultural cooperatives play an important role in promoting sustainable production in its whole life cycle system. However, few studies on cooperatives have evaluated the environmental and economic performance from the life cycle thinking perspective. In this study, the combined methods of life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) were used to comparatively analyze the environmental and economic performance of apple production between cooperatives and smallholder farmers. The results showed that, compared to the smallholder farmers, cooperatives significantly reduced resource depletion and environmental impacts by 12.50–22.16% in each category. The total environmental index for the cooperatives was 7.44% and 22.09% lower than smallholder farmers; meanwhile, the total LCC was 2659.71 Chinese Yuan (CNY), 19.27% lower than smallholder farmers. However, the net profit was 2990.29 CNY for the cooperatives, 21.23% higher than smallholder farmers. The results indicated that cooperatives exhibited a higher net profit while having lower resource input, environmental impact, and LCC than smallholder farmers. Moreover, pesticides and fertilizers were identified as the most critical environmental hotspots. Moreover, human labor cost was the most significant contributor to the total economic cost of the apple production system. These findings provide insights into optimizing farm inputs for apple production and active participation in agricultural cooperatives to alleviate multiple environmental impacts while maintaining apple yield and improving economic benefits, intending to make a marginal contribution to promoting sustainable development of the apple industry in China.

Suggested Citation

  • Juanjuan Cheng & Qian Wang & Dongjian Li & Jin Yu, 2022. "Comparative Analysis of Environmental and Economic Performance of Agricultural Cooperatives and Smallholder Farmers for Apple Production in China," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-22, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:12:y:2022:i:8:p:1281-:d:894586
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Qiao Liang & Kangwei Ma & Wenhao Liu, 2023. "The role of farmer cooperatives in promoting environmentally sustainable agricultural development in China: A review," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 94(3), pages 741-759, September.
    3. Hessampour, Reza & Bastani, Aboubakr & Hassani, Mehrdad & Failla, Sabina & Vaverková, Magdalena Daria & Halog, Anthony, 2023. "Joint life cycle assessment and data envelopment analysis for the benchmarking of energy, exergy, environmental effects, and water footprint in the canned apple supply chain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    4. Juanjuan Cheng & Qian Wang & Huanmin Zhang & Toyohiko Matsubara & Naoki Yoshikawa & Jin Yu, 2022. "Does Farm Size Expansion Improve the Agricultural Environment? Evidence from Apple Farmers in China," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-23, October.

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