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Trend Inflation and Implications for the Phillips Curve

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  • Ina Hajdini

Abstract

This Economic Commentary estimates trend PCE inflation and a Phillips curve with time-varying parameters while allowing for trend inflation to affect the frequency at which firms change prices. Since the beginning of 2021, trend PCE inflation has risen well above the FOMC’s 2 percent long-term inflation target, and the most recent estimate of trend inflation in 2022:Q4 is 3.4 percent. With the increase in trend inflation, the Phillips curve slope has risen above its prepandemic level. At the same time, the relationship between current inflation and inflation expectations has strengthened. Together, these results imply that even though a slowing economy would help to bring down inflation through the steeper slope of the Phillips curve, high short-term inflation expectations could put upward pressure on inflation to a larger extent than they had prior to the pandemic.

Suggested Citation

  • Ina Hajdini, 2023. "Trend Inflation and Implications for the Phillips Curve," Economic Commentary, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, vol. 2023(07), pages 1-6, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedcec:95973
    DOI: 10.26509/frbc-ec-202307
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Emi Nakamura & Jón Steinsson & Patrick Sun & Daniel Villar, 2018. "The Elusive Costs of Inflation: Price Dispersion during the U.S. Great Inflation," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 133(4), pages 1933-1980.
    2. Jonathon Hazell & Juan Herreño & Emi Nakamura & Jón Steinsson, 2022. "The Slope of the Phillips Curve: Evidence from U.S. States," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 137(3), pages 1299-1344.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Alexander Cline & Robert W. Rich, 2026. "How Anchored Are Short-Run Inflation Expectations Today? A Look at What Consumers and Forecasters Are Telling Us," Economic Commentary, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, vol. 2026(01), pages 1-14, February.

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