IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/tefoso/v189y2023ics0040162523000574.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Digital entrepreneurial ecosystems: A systematic literature review

Author

Listed:
  • Bejjani, Melissa
  • Göcke, Lutz
  • Menter, Matthias

Abstract

The concept of digital entrepreneurial ecosystems (DEEs) has been developed to systemically analyze entrepreneurship in the digital age. Research on DEEs is, however, still dispersed, and there exists ambiguity in this relevant field. With the aim of creating a more comprehensive understanding of DEEs, we conduct a systematic literature review that outlines the current state of research and consolidates the literature at the intersection of digital entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Since DEEs have been explored from different perspectives and given the adoption of various attributes, we propose a conceptual framework presenting a set of characterizations corresponding to principal ecosystem attributes. By offering a range of characteristics, our framework provides an inclusive picture of the different possible types of DEEs, offering promising avenues for future research.

Suggested Citation

  • Bejjani, Melissa & Göcke, Lutz & Menter, Matthias, 2023. "Digital entrepreneurial ecosystems: A systematic literature review," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:tefoso:v:189:y:2023:i:c:s0040162523000574
    DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122372
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162523000574
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122372?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mas, José M. & Gómez, Andrés, 2021. "Social partners in the digital ecosystem: Will business organizations, trade unions and government organizations survive the digital revolution?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    2. David Audretsch & Colin Mason & Morgan P. Miles & Allan O’Connor, 2018. "The dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(3-4), pages 471-474, March.
    3. Youngjin Yoo & Richard J. Boland & Kalle Lyytinen & Ann Majchrzak, 2012. "Organizing for Innovation in the Digitized World," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 23(5), pages 1398-1408, October.
    4. Satish Nambisan, 2017. "Digital Entrepreneurship: Toward a Digital Technology Perspective of Entrepreneurship," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 41(6), pages 1029-1055, November.
    5. Erik Stam, 2015. "Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Regional Policy: A Sympathetic Critique," European Planning Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(9), pages 1759-1769, September.
    6. Ben Spigel, 2017. "The Relational Organization of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 41(1), pages 49-72, January.
    7. Jean-Michel Sahut & Luca Iandoli & Frédéric Teulon, 2021. "The age of digital entrepreneurship," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 56(3), pages 1159-1169, February.
    8. Wenjie Li & Wenyu Du & Jiamin Yin, 2017. "Digital entrepreneurship ecosystem as a new form of organizing: the case of Zhongguancun," Frontiers of Business Research in China, Springer, vol. 11(1), pages 1-21, December.
    9. Zoltán J. Ács & Erkko Autio & László Szerb, 2015. "National Systems of Entrepreneurship: Measurement issues and policy implications," Chapters, in: Global Entrepreneurship, Institutions and Incentives, chapter 28, pages 523-541, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    10. Elisa Ughetto & Mariacristina Rossi & David Audretsch & Erik E. Lehmann, 2020. "Female entrepreneurship in the digital era," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 55(2), pages 305-312, August.
    11. Lorenzen, Mark, 2019. "How Early Entrants Impact Cluster Emergence: MNEs vs. Local Firms in the Bangalore Digital Creative Industries," Management and Organization Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 15(3), pages 495-531, September.
    12. Feldman, Maryann & Lowe, Nichola, 2015. "Triangulating regional economies: Realizing the promise of digital data," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(9), pages 1785-1793.
    13. Zhe Cao & Xianwei Shi, 2021. "A systematic literature review of entrepreneurial ecosystems in advanced and emerging economies," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 75-110, June.
    14. F.C. Stam & Andrew van de Ven, 2018. "Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: A Systems Perspective," Working Papers 18-06, Utrecht School of Economics.
    15. Donald F. Kuratko & Greg Fisher & James M. Bloodgood & Jeffrey S. Hornsby, 2017. "The paradox of new venture legitimation within an entrepreneurial ecosystem," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 49(1), pages 119-140, June.
    16. Haim Faridian, Parisa, 2023. "Leading open innovation: The role of strategic entrepreneurial leadership in orchestration of value creation and capture in GitHub open source communities," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    17. Zoltan J. Acs & Abraham K. Song & László Szerb & David B. Audretsch & Éva Komlósi, 2021. "The evolution of the global digital platform economy: 1971–2021," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 57(4), pages 1629-1659, December.
    18. Nambisan, Satish & Wright, Mike & Feldman, Maryann, 2019. "The digital transformation of innovation and entrepreneurship: Progress, challenges and key themes," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(8), pages 1-1.
    19. Magnus Schückes & Tobias Gutmann, 2021. "Why do startups pursue initial coin offerings (ICOs)? The role of economic drivers and social identity on funding choice," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 57(2), pages 1027-1052, August.
    20. Andreas Kuckertz & Joern Block, 2021. "Reviewing systematic literature reviews: ten key questions and criteria for reviewers," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 71(3), pages 519-524, July.
    21. Ross Brown & Colin Mason, 2017. "Looking inside the spiky bits: a critical review and conceptualisation of entrepreneurial ecosystems," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 49(1), pages 11-30, June.
    22. Ana Joana Fernandes & Joao J. Ferreira, 2022. "Entrepreneurial ecosystems and networks: a literature review and research agenda," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 189-247, January.
    23. Denicolai, Stefano & Previtali, Pietro, 2020. "Precision Medicine: Implications for value chains and business models in life sciences," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    24. Elia, Gianluca & Margherita, Alessandro & Passiante, Giuseppina, 2020. "Digital entrepreneurship ecosystem: How digital technologies and collective intelligence are reshaping the entrepreneurial process," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    25. Ghezzi, Antonio, 2019. "Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 945-960.
    26. Kevin J. Boudreau & Andrei Hagiu, 2009. "Platform Rules: Multi-Sided Platforms as Regulators," Chapters, in: Annabelle Gawer (ed.), Platforms, Markets and Innovation, chapter 7, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    27. Ricarda B. Bouncken & Sascha Kraus, 2022. "Entrepreneurial ecosystems in an interconnected world: emergence, governance and digitalization," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 1-14, January.
    28. Alessandra Colombelli & Emilio Paolucci & Elisa Ughetto, 2019. "Hierarchical and relational governance and the life cycle of entrepreneurial ecosystems," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 52(2), pages 505-521, February.
    29. Clyde Eiríkur Hull & Yu-Ting Caisy Hung & Neil Hair & Victor Perotti & Richard DeMartino, 2007. "Taking advantage of digital opportunities: a typology of digital entrepreneurship," International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 4(3), pages 290-303.
    30. Martín-Rojas, Rodrigo & García-Morales, Victor J. & Garrido-Moreno, Aurora & Salmador-Sánchez, Maria Paz, 2021. "Social Media Use and the Challenge of Complexity: Evidence from the Technology Sector," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 621-640.
    31. Rahul Kapoor & Shiva Agarwal, 2017. "Sustaining Superior Performance in Business Ecosystems: Evidence from Application Software Developers in the iOS and Android Smartphone Ecosystems," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 28(3), pages 531-551, June.
    32. Christian Fisch & Joern Block, 2018. "Six tips for your (systematic) literature review in business and management research," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 68(2), pages 103-106, April.
    33. Ferreira, João J.M. & Fernandes, Cristina I. & Ferreira, Fernando A.F., 2019. "To be or not to be digital, that is the question: Firm innovation and performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 583-590.
    34. Allan O'Connor & Erik Stam & Fiona Sussan & David B. Audretsch (ed.), 2018. "Entrepreneurial Ecosystems," International Studies in Entrepreneurship, Springer, number 978-3-319-63531-6, November.
    35. Gerard George & Ryan K. Merrill & Simon J. D. Schillebeeckx, 2021. "Digital Sustainability and Entrepreneurship: How Digital Innovations Are Helping Tackle Climate Change and Sustainable Development," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 45(5), pages 999-1027, September.
    36. Daniel F. Spulber, 2019. "The economics of markets and platforms," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(1), pages 159-172, January.
    37. Ying Song & Octavio Escobar & Unai Arzubiaga & Alfredo De Massis, 2022. "The digital transformation of a traditional market into an entrepreneurial ecosystem," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 65-88, January.
    38. Jean‐Charles Rochet & Jean Tirole, 2006. "Two‐sided markets: a progress report," RAND Journal of Economics, RAND Corporation, vol. 37(3), pages 645-667, September.
    39. Ed Saiedi & Anders Broström & Felipe Ruiz, 2021. "Global drivers of cryptocurrency infrastructure adoption," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 353-406, June.
    40. Zaheer, Hasnain & Breyer, Yvonne & Dumay, John, 2019. "Digital entrepreneurship: An interdisciplinary structured literature review and research agenda," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    41. Gawer, Annabelle, 2014. "Bridging differing perspectives on technological platforms: Toward an integrative framework," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 43(7), pages 1239-1249.
    42. Zoltan J. Acs & Erik Stam & David B. Audretsch & Allan O’Connor, 2017. "The lineages of the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 49(1), pages 1-10, June.
    43. Galindo-Martín, Miguel-Ángel & Castaño-Martínez, María-Soledad & Méndez-Picazo, María-Teresa, 2019. "Digital transformation, digital dividends and entrepreneurship: A quantitative analysis," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 522-527.
    44. Abraham K. Song, 2019. "The Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystem—a critique and reconfiguration," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 53(3), pages 569-590, October.
    45. Satish Nambisan & Shaker A. Zahra & Yadong Luo, 2019. "Global platforms and ecosystems: Implications for international business theories," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 50(9), pages 1464-1486, December.
    46. Angelo Cavallo & Antonio Ghezzi & Raffaello Balocco, 2019. "Entrepreneurial ecosystem research: present debates and future directions," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 15(4), pages 1291-1321, December.
    47. Uwe Cantner & James A. Cunningham & Erik E. Lehmann & Matthias Menter, 2021. "Entrepreneurial ecosystems: a dynamic lifecycle model," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 407-423, June.
    48. Fan, Terence & Schwab, Andreas & Geng, Xuesong, 2021. "Habitual entrepreneurship in digital platform ecosystems: A time-contingent model of learning from prior software project experiences," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 36(5).
    49. Nambisan, Satish & Baron, Robert A., 2021. "On the costs of digital entrepreneurship: Role conflict, stress, and venture performance in digital platform-based ecosystems," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 520-532.
    50. Allan O’Connor & Erik Stam & Fiona Sussan & David B. Audretsch, 2018. "Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: The Foundations of Place-based Renewal," International Studies in Entrepreneurship, in: Allan O'Connor & Erik Stam & Fiona Sussan & David B. Audretsch (ed.), Entrepreneurial Ecosystems, pages 1-21, Springer.
    51. Berné-Martínez, J.M. & Ortigosa-Blanch, Arturo & Planells-Artigot, Enrique, 2021. "A semantic analysis of crowdfunding in the digital press," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    52. Herbert Endres & Stefan Huesig & Robin Pesch, 2022. "Digital innovation management for entrepreneurial ecosystems: services and functionalities as drivers of innovation management software adoption," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 135-156, January.
    53. Zeng, Jing & Mahdi Tavalaei, M. & Khan, Zaheer, 2021. "Sharing economy platform firms and their resource orchestration approaches," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 451-465.
    54. Michael G. Jacobides & Carmelo Cennamo & Annabelle Gawer, 2018. "Towards a theory of ecosystems," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(8), pages 2255-2276, August.
    55. Pedro Torres & Pedro Godinho, 2022. "Levels of necessity of entrepreneurial ecosystems elements," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 59(1), pages 29-45, June.
    56. Andreas Hein & Maximilian Schreieck & Tobias Riasanow & David Soto Setzke & Manuel Wiesche & Markus Böhm & Helmut Krcmar, 2020. "Digital platform ecosystems," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, vol. 30(1), pages 87-98, March.
    57. David B. Audretsch & James A. Cunningham & Donald F. Kuratko & Erik E. Lehmann & Matthias Menter, 2019. "Entrepreneurial ecosystems: economic, technological, and societal impacts," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 44(2), pages 313-325, April.
    58. Fiona Sussan & Zoltan J. Acs, 2017. "The digital entrepreneurial ecosystem," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 49(1), pages 55-73, June.
    59. Boyd Cohen, 2006. "Sustainable valley entrepreneurial ecosystems," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(1), pages 1-14, January.
    60. Palmié, Maximilian & Wincent, Joakim & Parida, Vinit & Caglar, Umur, 2020. "The evolution of the financial technology ecosystem: An introduction and agenda for future research on disruptive innovations in ecosystems," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    61. Siaw, Christopher Agyapong & Sarpong, David, 2021. "Dynamic exchange capabilities for value co-creation in ecosystems," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 493-506.
    62. Secundo, Giustina & Rippa, Pierluigi & Cerchione, Roberto, 2020. "Digital Academic Entrepreneurship: A structured literature review and avenue for a research agenda," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    63. Raghu Garud & Arun Kumaraswamy & Anna Roberts & Le Xu, 2022. "Liminal movement by digital platform‐based sharing economy ventures: The case of Uber Technologies," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(3), pages 447-475, March.
    64. Youngjin Yoo & Ola Henfridsson & Kalle Lyytinen, 2010. "Research Commentary ---The New Organizing Logic of Digital Innovation: An Agenda for Information Systems Research," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 21(4), pages 724-735, December.
    65. Erik Stam, 2018. "Measuring Entrepreneurial Ecosystems," International Studies in Entrepreneurship, in: Allan O'Connor & Erik Stam & Fiona Sussan & David B. Audretsch (ed.), Entrepreneurial Ecosystems, pages 173-197, Springer.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ravi Roshan & Krishna Chandra Balodi & Sagnika Datta & Anil Kumar & Arvind Upadhyay, 2024. "Circular economy startups and digital entrepreneurial ecosystems," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(5), pages 4843-4860, July.
    2. Song, Yunxing & Gong, Yuanyuan & Song, Yan & Chen, Xiaohui, 2024. "Exploring the impact of digital inclusive finance on consumption volatility: Insights from household entrepreneurship and income volatility," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    3. Arnauld Bessagnet & Joan Crespo & Jerome Vicente, 2023. "How is the literature on Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystems structured? A socio-semantic network approach," Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG) 2320, Utrecht University, Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Group Economic Geography, revised Oct 2023.
    4. Fossen, Frank M. & McLemore, Trevor & Sorgner, Alina, 2024. "Artificial Intelligence and Entrepreneurship," IZA Discussion Papers 17055, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    5. Xiang, Guopeng & Peng, Mixiang & Tang, Fei & Liu, Yuan, 2024. "Unpacking the impact of entrepreneurial learning on business model innovation in internet startups: Mediating roles of digital capabilities," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    6. Maresch, Daniela & Leo, Hannes & Walsh, Steven T., 2023. "Hotspurs in, sober bores out: A call and an agenda for entrepreneurship and innovation policies that foster rapidly scaling ventures," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    7. Samar Alzamel, 2024. "Building a Resilient Digital Entrepreneurship Landscape: The Importance of Ecosystems, Decent Work, and Socioeconomic Dynamics," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-23, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Daniel Sunghwan Cho & Paul Ryan & Giulio Buciuni, 2022. "Evolutionary entrepreneurial ecosystems: a research pathway," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(4), pages 1865-1883, April.
    2. Chaudhary, Sanjay & Kaur, Puneet & Ferraris, Alberto & Bresciani, Stefano & Dhir, Amandeep, 2024. "Connecting entrepreneurial ecosystem and innovation. Grasping at straws or hitting a home run?," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    3. Bessagnet, Arnauld & Crespo, Joan & Vicente, Jérôme, 2021. "Unraveling the multi-scalar and evolutionary forces of entrepreneurial ecosystems: A historical event analysis applied to IoT Valley," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    4. da Fonseca, André Luís A. & Chimenti, Paula & Campos, Roberta D., 2023. "‘Take my advice’: Entrepreneurial consumers and the ecosystemic logics of digital platforms," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    5. Quoc Hoang Thai & Khuong Ngoc Mai & Tung Thanh Do, 2023. "An Evolution of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Studies: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Agenda," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(1), pages 21582440231, March.
    6. Zahra, Shaker A. & Liu, Wan & Si, Steven, 2023. "How digital technology promotes entrepreneurship in ecosystems," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    7. Shi, Xianwei & Liang, Xingkun & Luo, Yining, 2023. "Unpacking the intellectual structure of ecosystem research in innovation studies," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(6).
    8. Jianhong Zhang & Désirée Gorp & Henk Kievit, 2023. "Digital technology and national entrepreneurship: An ecosystem perspective," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 48(3), pages 1077-1105, June.
    9. Francesco Perugini, 2023. "Space–time analysis of entrepreneurial ecosystems," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 48(1), pages 240-291, February.
    10. Abootorabi, Hooman & Wiklund, Johan & Johnson, Alan R. & Miller, Cameron D., 2021. "A holistic approach to the evolution of an entrepreneurial ecosystem: An exploratory study of academic spin-offs," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 36(5).
    11. Venâncio, Ana & Picoto, Winnie & Pinto, Inês, 2023. "Time-to-unicorn and digital entrepreneurial ecosystems," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    12. Maksim Belitski & Ana-Maria Grigore & Anca Bratu, 2021. "Political entrepreneurship: entrepreneurship ecosystem perspective," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 17(4), pages 1973-2004, December.
    13. Pedro Torres & Pedro Godinho, 2022. "Levels of necessity of entrepreneurial ecosystems elements," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 59(1), pages 29-45, June.
    14. Theodoraki, Christina & Dana, Léo-Paul & Caputo, Andrea, 2022. "Building sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems: A holistic approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 346-360.
    15. Paul, Justin & Alhassan, Ibrahim & Binsaif, Nasser & Singh, Prakash, 2023. "Digital entrepreneurship research: A systematic review," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    16. Fernandes, Cristina & Ferreira, João J. & Veiga, Pedro Mota & Kraus, Sascha & Dabić, Marina, 2022. "Digital entrepreneurship platforms: Mapping the field and looking towards a holistic approach," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    17. Christina Theodoraki & Alexis Catanzaro, 2022. "Widening the borders of entrepreneurial ecosystem through the international lens," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 47(2), pages 383-406, April.
    18. Jiewang Chu & Jiaxuan Li, 2022. "The Composition and Operation Mechanism of Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: A Study of Hangzhou Yunqi Town as an Example," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-19, December.
    19. Kapturkiewicz, Agata, 2022. "Varieties of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: A comparative study of Tokyo and Bangalore," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(9).
    20. Silva, Lucas Emmanuel Nascimento & Gomes, Leonardo Augusto de Vasconcelos & Faria, Aline Mariane de & Borini, Felipe Mendes, 2024. "Innovation processes in ecosystem settings: An integrative framework and future directions," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:tefoso:v:189:y:2023:i:c:s0040162523000574. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00401625 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.