IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/respol/v55y2026i1s004873332500188x.html

Contextualizing policy mixes – A configurational study on rapid transitions

Author

Listed:
  • Juntunen, Jouni K.
  • Shakeel, Shah Rukh

Abstract

The policy mixes in sustainability transitions have been recognized as a central component in accelerating decarbonization. Policy mixes are embedded in a broader institutional and structural order involving technologies, infrastructures, markets, practices, and environmental conditions within socio-technical transitions. In this paper, we examine how various combinations of demand-pull policy mixes, and infrastructural, environmental, and market configurations result in either rapid or slow transitions. We draw on European heat pump diffusion as a novel innovation featuring very different diffusion levels within the continent. The analysis draws on a country-level data set of 20 European countries, and a configurational analysis using the fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) method. The policy mix measures for configurational analysis are constructed using data on sector specific policy instruments, taking in economic policies, regulatory policies, and mandatory and voluntary soft and systemic instruments. We complement the model with environmental conditions, infrastructure data on gas and heating networks, and market conditions. Three key findings emerged. First, we contextualize policy mixes to reveal how various configurations can lead to either rapid or slow transitions. Second, we contribute to the research on energy transitions by demonstrating the importance of infrastructural arrangements. Third, we make a methodological contribution by exemplifying how the two-step comparative case study method can separate slowly changing remote conditions and more rapidly evolving proximate conditions in studies on sustainability transitions. The results emphasize system-level environment and climate policy approaches that improve the cost competitiveness of clean technologies.

Suggested Citation

  • Juntunen, Jouni K. & Shakeel, Shah Rukh, 2026. "Contextualizing policy mixes – A configurational study on rapid transitions," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(1).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:respol:v:55:y:2026:i:1:s004873332500188x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105359
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004873332500188X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.respol.2025.105359?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Borozan, Dj, 2022. "Detecting a structure in the European energy transition policy instrument mix: What mix successfully drives the energy transition?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    2. Rogge, Karoline S. & Schleich, Joachim, 2018. "Do policy mix characteristics matter for low-carbon innovation? A survey-based exploration of renewable power generation technologies in Germany," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(9), pages 1639-1654.
    3. Jochen Markard, 2018. "The next phase of the energy transition and its implications for research and policy," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 3(8), pages 628-633, August.
    4. Turnheim, Bruno & Geels, Frank W., 2013. "The destabilisation of existing regimes: Confronting a multi-dimensional framework with a case study of the British coal industry (1913–1967)," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 42(10), pages 1749-1767.
    5. Jovet, Yoann & Lefèvre, Frédéric & Laurent, Alexis & Clausse, Marc, 2022. "Combined energetic, economic and climate change assessment of heat pumps for industrial waste heat recovery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    6. Foxon, Timothy J., 2013. "Transition pathways for a UK low carbon electricity future," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 10-24.
    7. Edurne Magro & Mikel Navarro & Jon Mikel Zabala-Iturriagagoitia, 2014. "Coordination-Mix: The Hidden Face of STI Policy," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 31(5), pages 367-389, September.
    8. Jan Rosenow & Duncan Gibb & Thomas Nowak & Richard Lowes, 2022. "Heating up the global heat pump market," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 7(10), pages 901-904, October.
    9. Hötte, Kerstin, 2023. "Demand-pull, technology-push, and the direction of technological change," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(5).
    10. Edmondson, Duncan L. & Kern, Florian & Rogge, Karoline S., 2019. "The co-evolution of policy mixes and socio-technical systems: Towards a conceptual framework of policy mix feedback in sustainability transitions," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(10).
    11. Kern, Florian & Rogge, Karoline S. & Howlett, Michael, 2019. "Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: New approaches and insights through bridging innovation and policy studies," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(10).
    12. Laur Kanger & Johan Schot, 2016. "User-made immobilities: a transitions perspective," Mobilities, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(4), pages 598-613, August.
    13. Kivimaa, Paula & Rogge, Karoline S., 2022. "Interplay of policy experimentation and institutional change in sustainability transitions: The case of mobility as a service in Finland," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(1).
    14. Liu, Haiying & Khan, Irfan & Zakari, Abdulrasheed & Alharthi, Majed, 2022. "Roles of trilemma in the world energy sector and transition towards sustainable energy: A study of economic growth and the environment," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    15. Wang, Yacan & Geng, Kexin & May, Anthony D. & Zhou, Huiyu, 2022. "The impact of traffic demand management policy mix on commuter travel choices," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 74-87.
    16. Peñaloza, Diego & Mata, Érika & Fransson, Nathalie & Fridén, Håkan & Samperio, Álvaro & Quijano, Ana & Cuneo, Alessandra, 2022. "Social and market acceptance of photovoltaic panels and heat pumps in Europe: A literature review and survey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    17. Eoin Ó Broin & Jonas Nässén & Filip Johnsson, 2015. "Energy efficiency policies for space heating in EU countries: A panel data analysis for the period 1990–2010," Post-Print hal-01205485, HAL.
    18. Kara, M. & Syri, S. & Lehtila, A. & Helynen, S. & Kekkonen, V. & Ruska, M. & Forsstrom, J., 2008. "The impacts of EU CO2 emissions trading on electricity markets and electricity consumers in Finland," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 193-211, March.
    19. Isaac, Morna & van Vuuren, Detlef P., 2009. "Modeling global residential sector energy demand for heating and air conditioning in the context of climate change," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 507-521, February.
    20. Ghorashi, Amir Hossein & Maranlou, Hadi, 2021. "Essential infrastructures and relevant policies for renewable energy developments in oil-rich developing countries: Case of Iran," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    21. Bertoldi, Paolo & Mosconi, Rocco, 2020. "Do energy efficiency policies save energy? A new approach based on energy policy indicators (in the EU Member States)," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    22. Mäkitie, Tuukka & Hanson, Jens & Damman, Sigrid & Wardeberg, Mari, 2023. "Digital innovation's contribution to sustainability transitions," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    23. Geels, Frank W. & Kern, Florian & Fuchs, Gerhard & Hinderer, Nele & Kungl, Gregor & Mylan, Josephine & Neukirch, Mario & Wassermann, Sandra, 2016. "The enactment of socio-technical transition pathways: A reformulated typology and a comparative multi-level analysis of the German and UK low-carbon electricity transitions (1990–2014)," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(4), pages 896-913.
    24. Antoine Dechezleprêtre & Matthieu Glachant, 2014. "Does Foreign Environmental Policy Influence Domestic Innovation? Evidence from the Wind Industry," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 58(3), pages 391-413, July.
    25. Filippini, Massimo & Hunt, Lester C. & Zorić, Jelena, 2014. "Impact of energy policy instruments on the estimated level of underlying energy efficiency in the EU residential sector," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 73-81.
    26. James Meadowcroft, 2009. "What about the politics? Sustainable development, transition management, and long term energy transitions," Policy Sciences, Springer;Society of Policy Sciences, vol. 42(4), pages 323-340, November.
    27. Parrish, Bryony & Hielscher, Sabine & Foxon, Timothy J., 2021. "Consumers or users? The impact of user learning about smart hybrid heat pumps on policy trajectories for heat decarbonisation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 148(PB).
    28. Döme, Viktória & Cycak, Weronika & Matus, Kira JM, 2025. "Variations in innovation strategies for sustainable development: Sustainable innovation policy instrument mixes of ten small OECD countries across five sectors," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 54(6).
    29. Schot, Johan & Steinmueller, W. Edward, 2018. "Three frames for innovation policy: R&D, systems of innovation and transformative change," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(9), pages 1554-1567.
    30. Beccali, M. & Cellura, M. & Lo Brano, V. & Marvuglia, A., 2008. "Short-term prediction of household electricity consumption: Assessing weather sensitivity in a Mediterranean area," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(8), pages 2040-2065, October.
    31. Margaret E. Phillips, 1994. "Industry Mindsets: Exploring the Cultures of Two Macro-Organizational Settings," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 5(3), pages 384-402, August.
    32. Karásek, Jiří & Pavlica, Jaroslav, 2016. "Green Investment Scheme: Experience and results in the Czech Republic," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 121-130.
    33. Costantini, Valeria & Crespi, Francesco & Palma, Alessandro, 2017. "Characterizing the policy mix and its impact on eco-innovation: A patent analysis of energy-efficient technologies," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(4), pages 799-819.
    34. Romeo, Luis M. & Cavana, Marco & Bailera, Manuel & Leone, Pierluigi & Peña, Begoña & Lisbona, Pilar, 2022. "Non-stoichiometric methanation as strategy to overcome the limitations of green hydrogen injection into the natural gas grid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 309(C).
    35. Bai, Yiyi & Okullo, Samuel J., 2023. "Drivers and pass-through of the EU ETS price: Evidence from the power sector," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    36. Michael Howlett & Jeremy Rayner, 2013. "Patching vs Packaging in Policy Formulation: Assessing Policy Portfolio Design," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 1(2), pages 170-182.
    37. Rogge, Karoline S. & Reichardt, Kristin, 2016. "Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: An extended concept and framework for analysis," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(8), pages 1620-1635.
    38. Geels, Frank W., 2002. "Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(8-9), pages 1257-1274, December.
    39. Hyysalo, Sampsa & Juntunen, Jouni K. & Martiskainen, Mari, 2018. "Energy Internet forums as acceleration phase transition intermediaries," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(5), pages 872-885.
    40. Fuenfschilling, Lea & Truffer, Bernhard, 2016. "The interplay of institutions, actors and technologies in socio-technical systems — An analysis of transformations in the Australian urban water sector," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 298-312.
    41. Guerzoni, Marco & Raiteri, Emilio, 2015. "Demand-side vs. supply-side technology policies: Hidden treatment and new empirical evidence on the policy mix," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(3), pages 726-747.
    42. Wu, Jing & Zuidema, Christian & de Roo, Gert, 2022. "Collaborative efforts on energy transition in urban China: Institutional enabling and constraining conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    43. Hyysalo, Sampsa & Juntunen, Jouni K. & Freeman, Stephanie, 2013. "User innovation in sustainable home energy technologies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 490-500.
    44. Torné, Alexandre & Trutnevyte, Evelina, 2026. "Policy mixes for a just, effective, and public budget-conscious household energy transition in Switzerland," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    45. Florian Kern & Michael Howlett, 2009. "Implementing transition management as policy reforms: a case study of the Dutch energy sector," Policy Sciences, Springer;Society of Policy Sciences, vol. 42(4), pages 391-408, November.
    46. Kivimaa, Paula & Kern, Florian, 2016. "Creative destruction or mere niche support? Innovation policy mixes for sustainability transitions," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 205-217.
    47. Barrera, Mariano A. & Sabbatella, Ignacio & Serrani, Esteban, 2022. "Macroeconomic barriers to energy transition in peripheral countries: The case of Argentina," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    48. Kivimaa, Paula, 2014. "Government-affiliated intermediary organisations as actors in system-level transitions," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 43(8), pages 1370-1380.
    49. Kanger, Laur & Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Noorkõiv, Martin, 2020. "Six policy intervention points for sustainability transitions: A conceptual framework and a systematic literature review," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(7).
    50. Tim Haesebrouck, 2019. "An alternative update of the two-step QCA procedure," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 53(6), pages 2765-2780, November.
    51. Hyysalo, Sampsa & Juntunen, Jouni K., 2024. "Series of configurational movements: User activities in technology generalization," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    52. Ó Broin, Eoin & Nässén, Jonas & Johnsson, Filip, 2015. "Energy efficiency policies for space heating in EU countries: A panel data analysis for the period 1990–2010," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 211-223.
    53. Pablo del Río & Javier Carrillo‐Hermosilla & Totti Könnölä, 2010. "Policy Strategies to Promote Eco‐Innovation: An Integrated Framework," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 14(4), pages 541-557, August.
    54. Lea Fuenfschilling, 2019. "An institutional perspective on sustainability transitions," Chapters, in: Frank Boons & Andrew McMeekin (ed.), Handbook of Sustainable Innovation, chapter 12, pages 219-236, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    55. Hoppmann, Joern & Huenteler, Joern & Girod, Bastien, 2014. "Compulsive policy-making—The evolution of the German feed-in tariff system for solar photovoltaic power," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 43(8), pages 1422-1441.
    56. Geels, Frank W., 2004. "From sectoral systems of innovation to socio-technical systems: Insights about dynamics and change from sociology and institutional theory," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(6-7), pages 897-920, September.
    57. R. Bolton & T.J. Foxon, 2011. "Governing Infrastructure Networks For A Low Carbon Economy: Co-Evolution Of Technologies And Institutions In Uk Electricity Distribution Networks," Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, Intersentia, vol. 12(1), pages 2-27, March.
    58. Nuñez-Jimenez, Alejandro & Knoeri, Christof & Hoppmann, Joern & Hoffmann, Volker H., 2022. "Beyond innovation and deployment: Modeling the impact of technology-push and demand-pull policies in Germany's solar policy mix," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(10).
    59. Jonas Meckling & Thomas Sterner & Gernot Wagner, 2018. "Publisher Correction: Policy sequencing toward decarbonization," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 3(3), pages 243-243, March.
    60. Peñasco, Cristina, 2024. "From policy to practice: The role of national policy instruments and social barriers in UK energy efficiency adoption in households," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    61. Unruh, Gregory C., 2000. "Understanding carbon lock-in," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 28(12), pages 817-830, October.
    62. Pitelis, Alkis & Vasilakos, Nicholas & Chalvatzis, Konstantinos, 2020. "Fostering innovation in renewable energy technologies: Choice of policy instruments and effectiveness," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 1163-1172.
    63. Kris Bachus & Frederic Vanswijgenhoven, 2018. "The use of regulatory taxation as a policy instrument for sustainability transitions: old wine in new bottles or unexplored potential?," Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 61(9), pages 1469-1486, July.
    64. Heiberg, Jonas & Truffer, Bernhard & Binz, Christian, 2022. "Assessing transitions through socio-technical configuration analysis – a methodological framework and a case study in the water sector," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(1).
    65. Laur Kanger & Johan Schot, 2016. "User-made Immobilities: A Transitions Perspective," SPRU Working Paper Series 2016-13, SPRU - Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex Business School.
    66. Mavrot, Céline & Hadorn, Susanne & Sager, Fritz, 2019. "Mapping the mix: Linking instruments, settings and target groups in the study of policy mixes," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(10).
    67. Capano, Giliberto & Pritoni, Andrea & Vicentini, Giulia, 2020. "Do policy instruments matter? Governments’ choice of policy mix and higher education performance in Western Europe," Journal of Public Policy, Cambridge University Press, vol. 40(3), pages 375-401, September.
    68. Costantini, Valeria & Crespi, Francesco & Martini, Chiara & Pennacchio, Luca, 2015. "Demand-pull and technology-push public support for eco-innovation: The case of the biofuels sector," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(3), pages 577-595.
    69. Bartosz Pawela & Marek Jaszczur, 2022. "Review of Gas Engine Heat Pumps," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-16, July.
    70. Samant, Shantala & Thakur-Wernz, Pooja & Hatfield, Donald E., 2020. "Does the focus of renewable energy policy impact the nature of innovation? Evidence from emerging economies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    71. Michael Howlett & Jeremy Rayner, 2013. "Patching vs Packaging in Policy Formulation: Assessing Policy Portfolio Design," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 1(2), pages 170-182.
    72. Steen, Markus & Weaver, Tyson, 2017. "Incumbents’ diversification and cross-sectorial energy industry dynamics," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(6), pages 1071-1086.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Nuñez-Jimenez, Alejandro & Knoeri, Christof & Hoppmann, Joern & Hoffmann, Volker H., 2022. "Beyond innovation and deployment: Modeling the impact of technology-push and demand-pull policies in Germany's solar policy mix," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(10).
    2. Edmondson, Duncan L. & Kern, Florian & Rogge, Karoline S., 2019. "The co-evolution of policy mixes and socio-technical systems: Towards a conceptual framework of policy mix feedback in sustainability transitions," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(10).
    3. Kern, Florian & Rogge, Karoline S. & Howlett, Michael, 2019. "Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: New approaches and insights through bridging innovation and policy studies," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(10).
    4. Rogge, Karoline S. & Schleich, Joachim, 2018. "Do policy mix characteristics matter for low-carbon innovation? A survey-based exploration of renewable power generation technologies in Germany," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(9), pages 1639-1654.
    5. Trotter, Philipp A. & Brophy, Aoife, 2022. "Policy mixes for business model innovation: The case of off-grid energy for sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(6).
    6. Kivimaa, Paula & Rogge, Karoline S., 2022. "Interplay of policy experimentation and institutional change in sustainability transitions: The case of mobility as a service in Finland," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(1).
    7. Karoline S. Rogge & Elisabeth Dütschke, 2017. "Exploring Perceptions of the Credibility of Policy Mixes: The Case of German Manufacturers of Renewable Power Generation Technologies," SPRU Working Paper Series 2017-23, SPRU - Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex Business School.
    8. Turnheim, Bruno & Nykvist, Björn, 2019. "Opening up the feasibility of sustainability transitions pathways (STPs): Representations, potentials, and conditions," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(3), pages 775-788.
    9. Weigelt, Carmen & Lu, Shaohua & Verhaal, J. Cameron, 2021. "Blinded by the sun: The role of prosumers as niche actors in incumbent firms’ adoption of solar power during sustainability transitions," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(9).
    10. María Elena López Reyes & Willem A. Zwagers & Ingrid J. Mulder, 2020. "Considering the Human-Dimension to Make Sustainable Transitions Actionable," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-25, October.
    11. Chen, Kaihua & Xue, Zehua & Guo, Rui & Ning, Lutao, 2025. "The holistic role of multi-level government in transformative innovation process: Theoretical framework and evidence from China," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    12. Kivimaa, Paula & Kern, Florian, 2016. "Creative destruction or mere niche support? Innovation policy mixes for sustainability transitions," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 205-217.
    13. Heiberg, Jonas & Truffer, Bernhard & Binz, Christian, 2022. "Assessing transitions through socio-technical configuration analysis – a methodological framework and a case study in the water sector," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(1).
    14. Guo, Jingjing & Wang, Yueqi & Chen, Jin, 2025. "Policy instrument mix, financial slack, and firm innovation performance: Evidence from China's photovoltaic industry," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    15. Haddad, Carolina R. & Bergek, Anna, 2023. "Towards an integrated framework for evaluating transformative innovation policy," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(2).
    16. Laatsit, Mart & Grillitsch, Markus & Fünfschilling, Lea, 2025. "Great expectations: The promises and limits of innovation policy in addressing societal challenges," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 54(3).
    17. Kanger, Laur & Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Noorkõiv, Martin, 2020. "Six policy intervention points for sustainability transitions: A conceptual framework and a systematic literature review," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(7).
    18. Luetkehaus, Hauke, 2025. "Looking under the hood—How incumbent characteristics reduce the innovation impact of trajectory-changing demand-pull policy mixes for battery electric vehicles," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 54(5).
    19. Hilde Nykamp, 2020. "Policy Mix for a Transition to Sustainability: Green Buildings in Norway," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-17, January.
    20. Rogge, Karoline S. & Pfluger, Benjamin & Geels, Frank W., 2020. "Transformative policy mixes in socio-technical scenarios: The case of the low-carbon transition of the German electricity system (2010–2050)," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:respol:v:55:y:2026:i:1:s004873332500188x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/respol .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.