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Electricity–carbon coupling markets: mechanisms, models and digital enablers for low-carbon power system

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  • Du, Pengcheng
  • Liu, Tianhao
  • Zhang, Dongdong
  • Du, Yu
  • Kong, Fannie
  • Huang, Chao
  • Zhao, Haisen
  • Goh, Hui Hwang

Abstract

Electricity–carbon coupling trading (ECCT) is emerging as a practical way to connect carbon price signals with power system operation. This Review addresses three questions: how electricity and carbon markets are coupled in terms of market actors, price transmission and quota allocation; how these mechanisms can be represented in a coherent multi-agent modeling framework; and which digital tools are useful for ECCT implementation under real-world constraints. First, this Review examines global experience with carbon markets and power–carbon integration pilots and summarizes a three-dimensional mechanism framework that covers market-actor coordination, electricity–carbon price linkage and dynamic quota adjustment. Second, this Review synthesizes typical agent-based formulations for fossil generators, renewable producers and demand-side users into a unified modeling template and uses this template to interpret and compare existing ECCT studies. Third, this Review discusses the enabling roles and current limitations of high-precision carbon accounting, blockchain-based trust architectures and AI-driven market simulation. On this basis, this Review outlines key implementation challenges and policy implications.

Suggested Citation

  • Du, Pengcheng & Liu, Tianhao & Zhang, Dongdong & Du, Yu & Kong, Fannie & Huang, Chao & Zhao, Haisen & Goh, Hui Hwang, 2026. "Electricity–carbon coupling markets: mechanisms, models and digital enablers for low-carbon power system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:230:y:2026:i:c:s1364032125013644
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116691
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