IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/proeco/v294y2026ics0925527325002506.html

Industry 4.0 digital technologies and international performance: The role of family management in Italian firms

Author

Listed:
  • Neirotti, Paolo
  • Ricci, Andrea
  • Tubiana, Matteo

Abstract

This paper advances the international business literature by providing robust empirical evidence on how the adoption of Industry 4.0 digital technologies affects firms’ international performance. Drawing on panel data of Italian firms and a matched Difference-in-Differences design, we show that only information digital technologies – such as big data analytics and the Internet of Things – positively impact international performance, while robotics does not. Using a dynamic capabilities perspective, we argue and quantitatively test that digitalisation is most effective if paired with high-quality managerial structures, that is, when external, non-family professionals manage firms. A complementary qualitative inquiry of five case studies further illustrates the mechanisms through which external managers enable firms to capture the strategic value of digital investments in international markets. By isolating the role of distinct digital technologies and governance structures, the study offers new insights into the micro-foundations of digital-enabled internationalisation.

Suggested Citation

  • Neirotti, Paolo & Ricci, Andrea & Tubiana, Matteo, 2026. "Industry 4.0 digital technologies and international performance: The role of family management in Italian firms," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:proeco:v:294:y:2026:i:c:s0925527325002506
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109765
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925527325002506
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109765?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Giovanni Battista Dagnino & Riccardo Resciniti, 2021. "Introduction to the Special Issue: “The age of digital internationalization—Strategic capabilities, cultural distance and customer value”," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 25(4), pages 967-981, December.
    2. Marina Dabić & Jane Maley & Leo-Paul Dana & Ivan Novak & Massimiliano M. Pellegrini & Andrea Caputo, 2020. "Pathways of SME internationalization: a bibliometric and systematic review," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 55(3), pages 705-725, October.
    3. David L. Deephouse & Peter Jaskiewicz, 2013. "Do Family Firms Have Better Reputations Than Non-Family Firms? An Integration of Socioemotional Wealth and Social Identity Theories," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(3), pages 337-360, May.
    4. Denicolai, Stefano & Zucchella, Antonella & Magnani, Giovanna, 2021. "Internationalization, digitalization, and sustainability: Are SMEs ready? A survey on synergies and substituting effects among growth paths," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    5. Anna Maria Bornhausen & Torsten Wulf, 2024. "Digital innovation in family firms: The roles of non-family managers and transgenerational control intentions," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 62(4), pages 1429-1448, April.
    6. Ilya R. P. Cuypers & Charmi Patel & Gokhan Ertug & Jiatao Li & Youtha Cuypers, 2022. "Top management teams in international business research: A review and suggestions for future research," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 53(3), pages 481-515, April.
    7. Tobias Kollmann & Julia Christofor, 2014. "International entrepreneurship in the network economy: Internationalization propensity and the role of entrepreneurial orientation," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 43-66, March.
    8. Kinkel, Steffen & Capestro, Mauro & Di Maria, Eleonora & Bettiol, Marco, 2023. "Artificial intelligence and relocation of production activities: An empirical cross-national study," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    9. One-Ki (Daniel) Lee & Vallabh Sambamurthy & Kai H. Lim & Kwok Kee Wei, 2015. "How Does IT Ambidexterity Impact Organizational Agility?," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 26(2), pages 398-417, June.
    10. César Camisón-Zornoza & Beatriz Forés-Julián & Alba Puig-Denia & Sergio Camisón-Haba, 2020. "Effects of ownership structure and corporate and family governance on dynamic capabilities in family firms," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 16(4), pages 1393-1426, December.
    11. Andreas Olden & Jarle Møen, 2022. "The triple difference estimator [Semiparametric difference-in-differences estimators]," The Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 25(3), pages 531-553.
    12. Verbeke, Alain & Kano, Liena, 2016. "An internalization theory perspective on the global and regional strategies of multinational enterprises," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 83-92.
    13. Guo, Xiaochuan & Li, Mengmeng & Wang, Yanlin & Mardani, Abbas, 2023. "Does digital transformation improve the firm’s performance? From the perspective of digitalization paradox and managerial myopia," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    14. D’Angelo, Alfredo & Majocchi, Antonio & Buck, Trevor, 2016. "External managers, family ownership and the scope of SME internationalization," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 51(4), pages 534-547.
    15. Mara Bergamaschi & Cristina Bettinelli & Elena Lissana & Pasquale Massimo Picone, 2021. "Correction to: Past, ongoing, and future debate on the interplay between internationalization and digitalization," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 25(4), pages 1033-1033, December.
    16. Yamin, Mohammad & Sinkovics, Rudolf R., 2006. "Online internationalisation, psychic distance reduction and the virtuality trap," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 15(4), pages 339-360, August.
    17. Tamvada, Jagannadha Pawan & Narula, Sanjiv & Audretsch, David & Puppala, Harish & Kumar, Anil, 2022. "Adopting new technology is a distant dream? The risks of implementing Industry 4.0 in emerging economy SMEs," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    18. Frank, Alejandro Germán & Dalenogare, Lucas Santos & Ayala, Néstor Fabián, 2019. "Industry 4.0 technologies: Implementation patterns in manufacturing companies," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 15-26.
    19. Sarah Kaplan & Keyvan Vakili, 2015. "The double-edged sword of recombination in breakthrough innovation," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(10), pages 1435-1457, October.
    20. Esther Tippmann & Pamela Sharkey Scott & Vincent Mangematin, 2012. "Problem solving in MNCs: How local and global solutions are (and are not) created," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 43(8), pages 746-771, October.
    21. Colombari, Ruggero & Geuna, Aldo & Helper, Susan & Martins, Raphael & Paolucci, Emilio & Ricci, Riccardo & Seamans, Robert, 2023. "The interplay between data-driven decision-making and digitalization: A firm-level survey of the Italian and U.S. automotive industries," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    22. Patricio Duran & Nadine Kammerlander & Marc van Essen & Thomas Zellweger, 2016. "Doing More with Less : Innovation Input and Output in Family Firms," Post-Print hal-02312103, HAL.
    23. David J. Teece, 2007. "Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(13), pages 1319-1350, December.
    24. James J. Chrisman & Pramodita Sharma & Lloyd P. Steier & Jess H. Chua, 2013. "The Influence of Family Goals, Governance, and Resources on Firm Outcomes," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 37(6), pages 1249-1261, November.
    25. Valeria Cirillo & Lucrezia Fanti & Andrea Mina & Andrea Ricci, 2023. "New digital technologies and firm performance in the Italian economy," Industry and Innovation, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(1), pages 159-188, January.
    26. Patricio Duran & Nadine Kammerlander & Marc van Essen & Thomas Zellweger, 2016. "Doing More with Less : Innovation Input and Output in Family Firms," Post-Print hal-02276703, HAL.
    27. Elena Cefis & Stefania Scrofani & Matteo Tubiana, 2025. "Innovation policies and firms’ productivity: the Italian Industry 4.0 Plan for digital transformation," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 50(5), pages 2443-2475, October.
    28. Giovanni Cerulli, 2022. "Econometric Evaluation of Socio-Economic Programs," Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Applied Econometrics, Springer, edition 2, number 978-3-662-65945-8, July-Dece.
    29. Francesco Ciabuschi & Henrik Dellestrand & Oscar Martín Martín, 2015. "Internal Embeddedness, Headquarters Involvement, and Innovation Importance in Multinational Enterprises," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Mats Forsgren & Ulf Holm & Jan Johanson (ed.), Knowledge, Networks and Power, chapter 12, pages 284-317, Palgrave Macmillan.
    30. Lara Agostini & Roberto Filippini, 2019. "Organizational and managerial challenges in the path toward Industry 4.0," European Journal of Innovation Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 22(3), pages 406-421, January.
    31. Alfredo De massis & Josip Kotlar & Giovanna Campopiano & Lucio Cassia, 2015. "The Impact of Family Involvement on SMEs’ Performance: Theory and Evidence," Journal of Small Business Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(4), pages 924-948, October.
    32. Yan-Yin Lee & Mohammad Falahat & Bik-Kai Sia, 2019. "Impact of Digitalization on the Speed of Internationalization," International Business Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 12(4), pages 1-11, April.
    33. Jean–Luc Arregle & Lucia Naldi & Mattias Nordqvist & Michael A. Hitt, 2012. "Internationalization of Family–Controlled Firms: A Study of the Effects of External Involvement in Governance," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 36(6), pages 1115-1143, November.
    34. Mara Bergamaschi & Cristina Bettinelli & Elena Lissana & Pasquale Massimo Picone, 2021. "Past, ongoing, and future debate on the interplay between internationalization and digitalization," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 25(4), pages 983-1032, December.
    35. Denk, Nikola & Kaufmann, Lutz & Roesch, Jan-Frederik, 2012. "Liabilities of Foreignness Revisited: A Review of Contemporary Studies and Recommendations for Future Research," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 18(4), pages 322-334.
    36. Diane E. Bailey & Paul M. Leonardi & Stephen R. Barley, 2012. "The Lure of the Virtual," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 23(5), pages 1485-1504, October.
    37. David J. Teece & Gary Pisano & Amy Shuen, 1997. "Dynamic capabilities and strategic management," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(7), pages 509-533, August.
    38. Jean-Luc Arrègle & Lucia Naldi & Mattias Nordqvist & Michael Hitt, 2012. "Internationalization of Family-Controlled Firms : A Study of the Effects of External Involvement in Governance," Post-Print hal-02312678, HAL.
    39. Battaglia, Daniele & Paolucci, Emilio & Ughetto, Elisa, 2021. "The role of Proof-of-Concept programs in facilitating the commercialization of research-based inventions," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(6).
    40. Danny Miller & Isabelle Le Breton‐Miller & Richard H. Lester, 2011. "Family and Lone Founder Ownership and Strategic Behaviour: Social Context, Identity, and Institutional Logics," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(1), pages 1-25, January.
    41. Verhoef, Peter C. & Broekhuizen, Thijs & Bart, Yakov & Bhattacharya, Abhi & Qi Dong, John & Fabian, Nicolai & Haenlein, Michael, 2021. "Digital transformation: A multidisciplinary reflection and research agenda," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 889-901.
    42. Liena Kano & Eric W. K. Tsang & Henry Wai-chung Yeung, 2020. "Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 51(4), pages 577-622, June.
    43. Julia K. de Groote & Werner Conrad & Andreas Hack, 2021. "How can family businesses survive disruptive industry changes? Insights from the traditional mail order industry," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 15(8), pages 2239-2273, November.
    44. Malone, Thomas W., 1993. "Tools for inventing organizations : toward a handbook of organizational processes," Working papers #88-93. Working paper (Sl, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Sloan School of Management.
    45. Nadine Gatzert & Joan Schmit, 2016. "Supporting strategic success through enterprise-wide reputation risk management," Journal of Risk Finance, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 17(1), pages 26-45, January.
    46. Faccio, Mara & Lang, Larry H. P., 2002. "The ultimate ownership of Western European corporations," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(3), pages 365-395, September.
    47. Annaële Hervé & Christophe Schmitt & Rico Baldegger, 2020. "Digitalization, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Internationalization of Micro-, Small-, and Medium-Sized Enterprises," Post-Print hal-02998013, HAL.
    48. Jay R. Galbraith, 1974. "Organization Design: An Information Processing View," Interfaces, INFORMS, vol. 4(3), pages 28-36, May.
    49. Fan, Huan & Li, Gang & Sun, Hongyi & Cheng, T.C.E., 2017. "An information processing perspective on supply chain risk management: Antecedents, mechanism, and consequences," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 63-75.
    50. Subramanian Rangan & Metin Sengul, 2009. "Information technology and transnational integration: Theory and evidence on the evolution of the modern multinational enterprise," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 40(9), pages 1496-1514, December.
    51. Li, Ying & Dai, Jing & Cui, Li, 2020. "The impact of digital technologies on economic and environmental performance in the context of industry 4.0: A moderated mediation model," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    52. Thomas W. Malone & Kevin Crowston & Jintae Lee & Brian Pentland, 1993. "Tools for inventing organizations: Toward a handbook of organizational processes," Working Paper Series 141, MIT Center for Coordination Science.
    53. Kessler, Melanie & Arlinghaus, Julia C. & Rosca, Eugenia & Zimmermann, Manuel, 2022. "Curse or Blessing? Exploring risk factors of digital technologies in industrial operations," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    54. Dutot, Vincent & Bergeron, François & Raymond, Louis, 2014. "Information management for the internationalization of SMEs: An exploratory study based on a strategic alignment perspective," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 34(5), pages 672-681.
    55. Nadine Gatzert & Joan Schmit, 2016. "Supporting strategic success through enterprise-wide reputation risk management," Journal of Risk Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 17(1), pages 26-45, January.
    56. Elitsa R Banalieva & Charles Dhanaraj, 2019. "Internalization theory for the digital economy," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 50(8), pages 1372-1387, October.
    57. de Groote, Julia & Feninger, Moritz & Kammerlander, Nadine, 2023. "Family firm internationalization and top management team collaboration: Roles, emotional attachment, and risk perceptions," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 58(6).
    58. Elitsa R Banalieva & Kimberly A Eddleston, 2011. "Home-region focus and performance of family firms: The role of family vs non-family leaders," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 42(8), pages 1060-1072, October.
    59. Winfried Ruigrok & Wolfgang Amann & Hardy Wagner, 2007. "The internationalization-performance relationship at Swiss firms: A test of the S-shape and extreme degrees of internationalization," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 47(3), pages 349-368, June.
    60. Ernesto Cassetta & Umberto Monarca & Ivano Dileo & Claudio Di Berardino & Marco Pini, 2020. "The relationship between digital technologies and internationalisation. Evidence from Italian SMEs," Industry and Innovation, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(4), pages 311-339, April.
    61. James J. Heckman & Hidehiko Ichimura & Petra Todd, 1998. "Matching As An Econometric Evaluation Estimator," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 65(2), pages 261-294.
    62. Shleha, Waleed & Vaillant, Yancy & Vendrell-Herrero, Ferran, 2023. "Entry mode diversity and closing commercial deals with international customers: The moderating role of advanced servitization," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(1).
    63. Liena Kano & Eric W. K. Tsang & Henry Wai-chung Yeung, 2020. "Correction to: Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 51(8), pages 1353-1353, October.
    64. Jan Jöhnk & Philipp Ollig & Patrick Rövekamp & Severin Oesterle, 2022. "Managing the complexity of digital transformation—How multiple concurrent initiatives foster hybrid ambidexterity," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, vol. 32(2), pages 547-569, June.
    65. Matteo Bugamelli & Francesca Lotti & Monica Amici & Emanuela Ciapanna & Fabrizio Colonna & Francesco D�Amuri & Silvia Giacomelli & Andrea Linarello & Francesco Manaresi & Giuliana Palumbo & Filippo , 2018. "Productivity growth in Italy: a tale of a slow-motion change," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 422, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Qiao, Penghua & Chang, Ming & Zeng, Yuping, 2024. "The influence of digitalization on SMEs’ OFDI in emerging countries," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 177(C).
    2. Giovanni Battista Dagnino & Riccardo Resciniti, 2021. "Introduction to the Special Issue: “The age of digital internationalization—Strategic capabilities, cultural distance and customer value”," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 25(4), pages 967-981, December.
    3. Mnahel Babgi & Benyamin Aghhavani-Shajari & Marion Vieu, 2023. "Evolution of Digitalization and Internationalization Literature: A Bibliometric and Content Analysis for Future Research Agenda," Post-Print hal-04398156, HAL.
    4. Debellis, Francesco & De Massis, Alfredo & Messeni Petruzzelli, Antonio & Frattini, Federico & Del Giudice, Manlio, 2021. "Strategic agility and international joint ventures: The willingness-ability paradox of family firms," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(1).
    5. Fourné, Sebastian P.L. & Zschoche, Miriam & Schwens, Christian & Kotha, Reddi, 2023. "Multinational family firms’ internationalization depth and breadth following the global financial crisis," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 58(3).
    6. George Saridakis & Zaheer Khan & Gary Knight & Bochra Idris & Jay Mitra & Huda Khan, 2024. "A Look into the Future: The Impact of Metaverse on Traditional Theories and Thinking in International Business," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 64(4), pages 597-632, August.
    7. Pongelli, Claudia & Majocchi, Antonio & Bauweraerts, Jonathan & Sciascia, Salvatore & Caroli, Matteo & Verbeke, Alain, 2023. "The impact of board of directors’ characteristics on the internationalization of family SMEs," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 58(2).
    8. Fraccastoro, Dr Sara & Vanninen, Dr Heini & Gabrielsson, Prof Mika, 2025. "Two decades of research on digitalization, entrepreneurship, and internationalization: What foundations do they provide for research on digital entrepreneurial internationalization?," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 34(4).
    9. Appiah, Emmanuel Kusi & Gabrielsson, Peter & Rialp Criado, Alex, 2025. "The role of digitalization in early internationalization Research: A systematic literature review and future research directions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    10. Hafner, Cornelius & Pidun, Ulrich, 2022. "Getting family firm diversification right: A configurational perspective on product and international diversification strategies," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 13(1).
    11. Soluk, Jonas & Decker-Lange, Carolin & Hack, Andreas, 2023. "Small steps for the big hit: A dynamic capabilities perspective on business networks and non-disruptive digital technologies in SMEs," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    12. Debellis, Francesco & Rondi, Emanuela & Plakoyiannaki, Emmanuella & De Massis, Alfredo, 2021. "Riding the waves of family firm internationalization: A systematic literature review, integrative framework, and research agenda," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 56(1).
    13. Verbeke, Alain & Oh, Chang Hoon & Jain, Rajesh, 2025. "What is the future of regional multinational enterprises?," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 34(4).
    14. Lapeira, Maria & Samara, Georges & Kundu, Sumit & Kumaraswamy, Arun, 2024. "To export or to FDI? A configurational approach to family firm internationalization," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 59(2).
    15. Bhandari, Krishna Raj & Zámborský, Peter & Ranta, Mikko & Salo, Jari, 2023. "Digitalization, internationalization, and firm performance: A resource-orchestration perspective on new OLI advantages," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(4).
    16. Jean-François Hennart & Antonio Majocchi & Emanuele Forlani, 2019. "The myth of the stay-at-home family firm: How family-managed SMEs can overcome their internationalization limitations," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 50(5), pages 758-782, July.
    17. Kai Xu & Michael A. Hitt & Stewart R. Miller, 2020. "The ownership structure contingency in the sequential international entry mode decision process: Family owners and institutional investors in family-dominant versus family-influenced firms," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 51(2), pages 151-171, March.
    18. Juergensen, Jill Josefina & Narula, Rajneesh & Surdu, Irina, 2022. "A systematic review of the relationship between international diversification and innovation: A firm-level perspective," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(2).
    19. Crespo, Nuno Fernandes & Crespo, Cátia Fernandes & Silva, Graça Miranda & Nicola, Maura Bedin, 2023. "Innovation in times of crisis: The relevance of digitalization and early internationalization strategies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    20. Ya-Fang Wang & Yen-Fang Kuo, 2020. "Exploring the Family Effect on Innovative Capacity and Earnings Management," International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research (IJBESAR), Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Kavala Campus, Greece, vol. 13(2), pages 39-61, September.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • F60 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - General
    • L23 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Organization of Production
    • O33 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:proeco:v:294:y:2026:i:c:s0925527325002506. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpe .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.