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The economics of PIPEs

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  • Lim, Jongha
  • Schwert, Michael
  • Weisbach, Michael S.

Abstract

Private investments in public equities (PIPEs) are an important source of finance for public corporations. PIPE investor returns decline with holding periods, while time to exit depends on the issue's registration status and underlying liquidity. We estimate PIPE investor returns adjusting for these factors. Our analysis, which is the first to estimate returns to investors rather than issuers, indicates that the average PIPE investor holds the stock for 384 days and earns an abnormal return of 19.7%. More constrained firms tend to issue PIPEs to hedge funds and private equity funds in offerings that have higher expected returns and higher volatility. PIPE investors’ abnormal returns appear to reflect compensation for providing capital to financially constrained firms.

Suggested Citation

  • Lim, Jongha & Schwert, Michael & Weisbach, Michael S., 2021. "The economics of PIPEs," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 45(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:jfinin:v:45:y:2021:i:c:s1042957319300488
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jfi.2019.100832
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    Cited by:

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    2. Dong, Gang Nathan & Gu, Ming & He, Hua, 2020. "Invisible hand and helping hand: Private placement of public equity in China," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    3. Dewi Ratih S.E. & M.S.M., 2023. "What Information Implied in the Equity Offering Mechanism with Market Timing Considerations?," International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), vol. 0(1), pages 17-32.
    4. Shan Ge, 2022. "How Do Financial Constraints Affect Product Pricing? Evidence from Weather and Life Insurance Premiums," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 77(1), pages 449-503, February.
    5. Kim, Woojin & Ko, YoungKyung & Wang, Shu-Feng, 2019. "Debt restructuring through equity issues," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 341-356.
    6. Liu, Yini, 2023. "Does innovation success reduce the cost of financing? Evidence from private investments in public equity," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    7. Mark D. Walker & Qingqing Wu, 2024. "PIPEs, firm investment, and viability," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 62(1), pages 171-194, January.
    8. Ye, Zhiqiang & Zhang, Shunming & Zheng, Jiefei, 2023. "The peer effects of PIPEs," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 156-172.
    9. Peter Iliev & Michelle Lowry, 2020. "Venturing beyond the IPO: Financing of Newly Public Firms by Venture Capitalists," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 75(3), pages 1527-1577, June.
    10. Paul P. Momtaz, 2023. "The economics of PIPEs, revisited," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 60(1), pages 59-83, January.
    11. Denis, David J. & McKeon, Stephen B., 2021. "Persistent negative cash flows, staged financing, and the stockpiling of cash balances," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 142(1), pages 293-313.
    12. Onur Bayar & Yini Liu & Juan Mao, 2023. "Shareholder litigation and short selling ahead of private equity placements," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 58(4), pages 833-858, November.
    13. McWalter, Thomas A. & Ritchken, Peter H., 2022. "On stock-based loans," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    14. Yuping Ning & Rohaya Binti Abdul Jalil, 2023. "Private Placement of China-Listed Real Estate Firms: A Conceptual Idea," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-23, December.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    PIPE; Private placement; Alternative investment; Hedge fund; Private equity fund; Warrant;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill
    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates

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