IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jaitra/v131y2026ics0969699725001802.html

Decision support for airfare forecasting using an evolutionary approach: Evidence on search engine data from Touristic agency

Author

Listed:
  • Athanasios, Tsakonas
  • Vasilakis, C.
  • Charalampakis, D.
  • Vasilakis, E.
  • Thomaidis, N.
  • Dounias, G.

Abstract

This study addresses the complex issue of airfare forecasting pricing that influences decisions in the Airline Industry. Our approach involves an evolutionary methodology, combining statistical analysis and symbolic regression through grammar-guided genetic programming models. This innovative method aids internet users/clients in determining optimal periods to purchase fixed-date flight tickets. Data analysis identifies key relations, guiding effective data pre-processing. Results, based on novel data from the search engine of a large European Travel Online agency, cover one and a half years and millions of airfare search cases for seven travel destinations. Benchmarking against last year's price variation, our forecasting accuracy ranges between 80 and 90Â % for the tested travel destinations.

Suggested Citation

  • Athanasios, Tsakonas & Vasilakis, C. & Charalampakis, D. & Vasilakis, E. & Thomaidis, N. & Dounias, G., 2026. "Decision support for airfare forecasting using an evolutionary approach: Evidence on search engine data from Touristic agency," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:jaitra:v:131:y:2026:i:c:s0969699725001802
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2025.102917
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969699725001802
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2025.102917?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Oded Koenigsberg & Eitan Muller & Naufel Vilcassim, 2008. "easyJet® pricing strategy: Should low-fare airlines offer last-minute deals?," Quantitative Marketing and Economics (QME), Springer, vol. 6(3), pages 279-297, September.
    2. Thibaut Vidal & Teodor Gabriel Crainic & Michel Gendreau & Nadia Lahrichi & Walter Rei, 2012. "A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Multidepot and Periodic Vehicle Routing Problems," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 60(3), pages 611-624, June.
    3. Patrick Bajari & Ali Hortaçsu, 2004. "Economic Insights from Internet Auctions," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 42(2), pages 457-486, June.
    4. Frank M. Bass, 1969. "A New Product Growth for Model Consumer Durables," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 15(5), pages 215-227, January.
    5. Ernst, A. T. & Jiang, H. & Krishnamoorthy, M. & Sier, D., 2004. "Staff scheduling and rostering: A review of applications, methods and models," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 153(1), pages 3-27, February.
    6. Jin, Feng & Li, Yongwu & Sun, Shaolong & Li, Hongtao, 2020. "Forecasting air passenger demand with a new hybrid ensemble approach," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    7. Gabriel Bitran & René Caldentey, 2003. "An Overview of Pricing Models for Revenue Management," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 5(3), pages 203-229, August.
    8. Button, Kenneth & Vega, Henry, 2007. "The Uses of the “Temporal-Fares-Offered Curve” in Air Transportation," Journal of the Transportation Research Forum, Transportation Research Forum, vol. 46(2).
    9. Eric A. Greenleaf, 1995. "The Impact of Reference Price Effects on the Profitability of Price Promotions," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 14(1), pages 82-104.
    10. , & ,, 2014. "Regular prices and sales," Theoretical Economics, Econometric Society, vol. 9(1), January.
    11. Diego Escobari & Nicholas G. Rupp & Joseph Meskey, 2019. "An Analysis of Dynamic Price Discrimination in Airlines," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 85(3), pages 639-662, January.
    12. Meade, Nigel & Islam, Towhidul, 2006. "Modelling and forecasting the diffusion of innovation - A 25-year review," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 22(3), pages 519-545.
    13. Bilotkach, Volodymyr & Gorodnichenko, Yuriy & Talavera, Oleksandr, 2010. "Are airlines' price-setting strategies different?," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 16(1), pages 1-6.
    14. Sanchez, David Torres & Boyacı, Burak & Zografos, Konstantinos G., 2020. "An optimisation framework for airline fleet maintenance scheduling with tail assignment considerations," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 142-164.
    15. Ribeiro, Nuno Antunes & Jacquillat, Alexandre & Antunes, António Pais & Odoni, Amedeo R. & Pita, João P., 2018. "An optimization approach for airport slot allocation under IATA guidelines," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 132-156.
    16. Gadi Fibich & Arieh Gavious & Oded Lowengart, 2003. "Explicit Solutions of Optimization Models and Differential Games with Nonsmooth (Asymmetric) Reference-Price Effects," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 51(5), pages 721-734, October.
    17. Ioana Popescu & Yaozhong Wu, 2007. "Dynamic Pricing Strategies with Reference Effects," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 55(3), pages 413-429, June.
    18. Thompson, Russell G, et al, 1971. "Optimal Production, Investment, and Output Price Controls for a Monopoly Firm of the Evans' Type," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 39(1), pages 119-129, January.
    19. Praveen K. Kopalle & Ambar G. Rao & João L. Assunção, 1996. "Asymmetric Reference Price Effects and Dynamic Pricing Policies," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 15(1), pages 60-85.
    20. Alderighi, Marco & Nava, Consuelo R. & Calabrese, Matteo & Christille, Jean-Marc & Salvemini, Chiara B., 2022. "Consumer perception of price fairness and dynamic pricing: Evidence from Booking.com," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 769-783.
    21. Zhang, G. Peter & Qi, Min, 2005. "Neural network forecasting for seasonal and trend time series," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 160(2), pages 501-514, January.
    22. Clark, Robert & Vincent, Nicolas, 2012. "Capacity-contingent pricing and competition in the airline industry," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 7-11.
    23. Zheng, Shiyuan & Fu, Xiaowen & Jiang, Changmin & Ge, Ying-En, 2020. "Airline investments in exclusive airport facilities: Timing decisions under demand ambiguity," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 343-363.
    24. Chatterjee, Sangit & Carrera, Cecilia & Lynch, Lucy A., 1996. "Genetic algorithms and traveling salesman problems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 93(3), pages 490-510, September.
    25. Pels, Eric & Rietveld, Piet, 2004. "Airline pricing behaviour in the London–Paris market," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 10(4), pages 277-281.
    26. Steven Berry & Panle Jia, 2010. "Tracing the Woes: An Empirical Analysis of the Airline Industry," American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 2(3), pages 1-43, August.
    27. Rui Baptista, 1999. "The Diffusion of Process Innovations: A Selective Review," International Journal of the Economics of Business, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 6(1), pages 107-129.
    28. Peter P. Belobaba, 1989. "OR Practice—Application of a Probabilistic Decision Model to Airline Seat Inventory Control," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 37(2), pages 183-197, April.
    29. Austan Goolsbee & Chad Syverson, 2008. "How Do Incumbents Respond to the Threat of Entry? Evidence from the Major Airlines," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 123(4), pages 1611-1633.
    30. Wedad Elmaghraby & P{i}nar Keskinocak, 2003. "Dynamic Pricing in the Presence of Inventory Considerations: Research Overview, Current Practices, and Future Directions," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 49(10), pages 1287-1309, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zizhuo Wang, 2016. "Technical Note—Intertemporal Price Discrimination via Reference Price Effects," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 64(2), pages 290-296, April.
    2. Zhang, Jie & Chiang, Wei-yu Kevin, 2020. "Durable goods pricing with reference price effects," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    3. Ioana Popescu & Yaozhong Wu, 2007. "Dynamic Pricing Strategies with Reference Effects," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 55(3), pages 413-429, June.
    4. Georgia Perakis & Melvyn Sim & Qinshen Tang & Peng Xiong, 2023. "Robust Pricing and Production with Information Partitioning and Adaptation," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(3), pages 1398-1419, March.
    5. Colombo, Luca & Labrecciosa, Paola, 2021. "Dynamic oligopoly pricing with reference-price effects," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 288(3), pages 1006-1016.
    6. M. Güler & Taner Bilgiç & Refik Güllü, 2015. "Joint pricing and inventory control for additive demand models with reference effects," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 226(1), pages 255-276, March.
    7. Mengzi Amy Guo & Hansheng Jiang & Zuo-Jun Max Shen, 2025. "Multiproduct Dynamic Pricing with Reference Effects Under Logit Demand," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 27(5), pages 1645-1663, September.
    8. Alfred Taudes & Christian Rudloff, 2012. "Integrating inventory control and a price change in the presence of reference price effects: a two-period model," Mathematical Methods of Operations Research, Springer;Gesellschaft für Operations Research (GOR);Nederlands Genootschap voor Besliskunde (NGB), vol. 75(1), pages 29-65, February.
    9. Mantin, Benny & Rubin, Eran, 2018. "Price volatility and market performance measures: The case of revenue managed goods," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 35-50.
    10. Arnoud V. den Boer & N. Bora Keskin, 2022. "Dynamic Pricing with Demand Learning and Reference Effects," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(10), pages 7112-7130, October.
    11. Grigoriev, A. & Hiller, B. & Marban, S. & Vredeveld, T. & van der Zwaan, G.R.J., 2010. "Dynamic pricing problems with elastic demand," Research Memorandum 053, Maastricht University, Maastricht Research School of Economics of Technology and Organization (METEOR).
    12. Arieh Gavious & Oded Lowengart, 2012. "Price–quality relationship in the presence of asymmetric dynamic reference quality effects," Marketing Letters, Springer, vol. 23(1), pages 137-161, March.
    13. Kevin R. Williams, 2017. "Dynamic Airline Pricing and Seat Availability," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 2103, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
    14. Fleischmann, M. & Hall, J.M. & Pyke, D.F., 2005. "A Dynamic Pricing Model for Coordinated Sales and Operations," ERIM Report Series Research in Management ERS-2005-074-LIS, Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), ERIM is the joint research institute of the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University and the Erasmus School of Economics (ESE) at Erasmus University Rotterdam.
    15. Régis Chenavaz, 2017. "Dynamic quality policies with reference quality effects," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(32), pages 3156-3162, July.
    16. Ahrens, Steffen & Pirschel, Inske & Snower, Dennis J., 2017. "A theory of price adjustment under loss aversion," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 78-95.
    17. Ningyuan Chen & Javad Nasiry, 2020. "Does Loss Aversion Preclude Price Variation?," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 22(2), pages 383-395, March.
    18. Anton, Ramona & Chenavaz, Régis Y. & Paraschiv, Corina, 2023. "Dynamic pricing, reference price, and price-quality relationship," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    19. Hansheng Jiang & Junyu Cao & Zuo-Jun Max Shen, 2024. "Intertemporal Pricing via Nonparametric Estimation: Integrating Reference Effects and Consumer Heterogeneity," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 26(1), pages 28-46, January.
    20. Alderighi, Marco & Gaggero, Alberto A. & Piga, Claudio A., 2022. "Hidden prices with fixed inventory: Evidence from the airline industry," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 42-61.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jaitra:v:131:y:2026:i:c:s0969699725001802. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-air-transport-management/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.