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Fertility policy, fertility intentions, and fertility transition: A quasi-natural experiment based on the "Universal Two-Child" Policy

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  • Lei, Haidong
  • Ma, Jie
  • Chen, Xiaodong
  • Ding, Ziyue

Abstract

Fertility policies do not directly influence fertility behaviors but rather act through the mediation of fertility intentions. This study develops a framework for analyzing the transition of fertility intentions under the policy of relaxing fertility restrictions across different orders. It introduces a novel “intention-policy-behavior” linkage to elucidate the mechanisms of fertility transition. Using panel data from the 2014 and 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), we focus on group with one child and examining the effect of "Universal Two-Child" policy on transforming fertility intentions into behavior. It finds that families wanting two or more children significantly increased their number of children after the policy's implementation. Additionally, the greater the fertility intention, the better the transformative effect of the fertility policy. In group studies, the transformation of fertility intentions is significantly higher when the firstborn is a girl in urban areas, indicating a gender preference for male children in fertility decisions. Lastly, heterogeneity analysis reveals that housing wealth also impacts the transformation of intentions, with those desiring a third child requiring more living space. Our study confirms the role of fertility policies in transforming fertility intentions into behavior. A multidimensional policy combination with others aimed at boosting fertility intentions can effectively enhance fertility rates.

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  • Lei, Haidong & Ma, Jie & Chen, Xiaodong & Ding, Ziyue, 2025. "Fertility policy, fertility intentions, and fertility transition: A quasi-natural experiment based on the "Universal Two-Child" Policy," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 336-352.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecanpo:v:85:y:2025:i:c:p:336-352
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eap.2024.12.008
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    More about this item

    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • J13 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    • I38 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • J18 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Public Policy
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
    • H53 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs

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