A joint sharing-sharing platform for coordinating supply and demand resources at distributed level: Coupling electricity and carbon flows under bounded rationality

Energy sharing effectively addresses the supply–demand mismatches arising from the large-scale development of distributed energy by transferring usufruct of power equipment and coordinating resources on both the supply and demand sides, thereby reducing resource waste and facilitating renewable energy integration. However, implicit carbon flow during the energy-sharing process leads to certain market entities not fully assuming their carbon emissions responsibility, affecting the fairness and rationality of carbon responsibility allocation, thereby limiting the carbon reduction potential. Therefore, a rational and effective energy-sharing and carbon responsibility allocation framework is needed at the distributed level to promote the sustainable development of distributed energy systems. To this end, this paper establishes a sharing platform from the perspective of energy sharing and carbon responsibility sharing, based on a secure, efficient, and flexible sharing economy business model. A dynamic pricing strategy is formulated to coordinate the management of distributed energy resources on the supply side and demand response resources on the consumer side, coupling electricity and carbon flows. Using prospect theory and mental accounting, the bounded rationality of generators and consumers under uncertainty is modeled. Considering the relationship between shared tariffs and shared power, a dynamic Kriging metamodel combined with the particle swarm optimization algorithm solves the complex bilevel interaction model among multi-stakeholders in the electricity–carbon market. Simulation results indicate that the proposed framework, grounded in value co-creation and carbon responsibility sharing principles, incentivizes bilateral participation in energy sharing and carbon responsibility sharing, demonstrating balanced advantages in economic, social, and environmental sustainability, and fairness.