IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v306y2022ipbs0306261921013957.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Running battery electric vehicles with extended range: Coupling cost and energy analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Yang, Chen

Abstract

The massive battery electric vehicle penetration into transportation sector has stimulated intensive efforts to boost energy density of the battery pack, which essentially dictates driving range and cost of an electric vehicle. Integration of specific battery advances into the entire battery production chains that cover from materials to pack would fully tap the potential of advanced battery technology, while this topic has been rarely touched. Herein, the diverse battery technologies are analyzed in material, electrode, cell, module and pack levels to illustrate their contributions to the entire battery pack, which is essential to design practical batteries in a holistic view. Such bottom-up analysis underlines the importance of the integration concepts that advocate the simultaneous development of maturing (high-nickel ternary cathode coupled with silicon/graphite composite anode) and emerging (high-nickel ternary or sulfur cathode coupled with lithium metal anode) battery chemistries, as well as design of novel module and pack configurations. The linear relationship of pack-level energy density and driving range predicts a possibility of more than 1000 km with a projected energy density of 310 Wh kg−1 in a mid-size sedan. Despite of an inferior volumetric energy density, the lithium–sulfur batteries are still attractive for electric vehicles due to their low cost and material sustainability. The current work quantifies energy density and cost of a battery pack from an automotive perspective, depicts relationships of battery electric vehicle driving range and cost in niche and push scenarios, and hopes to point out the development landscape of future battery electric vehicles.

Suggested Citation

  • Yang, Chen, 2022. "Running battery electric vehicles with extended range: Coupling cost and energy analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PB).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:306:y:2022:i:pb:s0306261921013957
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118116
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261921013957
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118116?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Marc Wentker & Matthew Greenwood & Jens Leker, 2019. "A Bottom-Up Approach to Lithium-Ion Battery Cost Modeling with a Focus on Cathode Active Materials," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-18, February.
    2. Zachary P. Cano & Dustin Banham & Siyu Ye & Andreas Hintennach & Jun Lu & Michael Fowler & Zhongwei Chen, 2018. "Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 3(4), pages 279-289, April.
    3. Duffner, F. & Wentker, M. & Greenwood, M. & Leker, J., 2020. "Battery cost modeling: A review and directions for future research," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    4. Björn Nykvist & Måns Nilsson, 2015. "Rapidly falling costs of battery packs for electric vehicles," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 5(4), pages 329-332, April.
    5. O. Schmidt & A. Hawkes & A. Gambhir & I. Staffell, 2017. "The future cost of electrical energy storage based on experience rates," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 2(8), pages 1-8, August.
    6. Langbroek, Joram H.M. & Franklin, Joel P. & Susilo, Yusak O., 2016. "The effect of policy incentives on electric vehicle adoption," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 94-103.
    7. Joris Baars & Teresa Domenech & Raimund Bleischwitz & Hans Eric Melin & Oliver Heidrich, 2021. "Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 4(1), pages 71-79, January.
    8. Elshkaki, Ayman, 2020. "Long-term analysis of critical materials in future vehicles electrification in China and their national and global implications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    9. Hosseinzadeh, Elham & Arias, Sebastian & Krishna, Muthu & Worwood, Daniel & Barai, Anup & Widanalage, Dhammika & Marco, James, 2021. "Quantifying cell-to-cell variations of a parallel battery module for different pack configurations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(PA).
    10. Yang, Chen & Li, Peng & Yu, Jia & Zhao, Li-Da & Kong, Long, 2020. "Approaching energy-dense and cost-effective lithium–sulfur batteries: From materials chemistry and price considerations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
    11. Richard Schmuch & Ralf Wagner & Gerhard Hörpel & Tobias Placke & Martin Winter, 2018. "Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 3(4), pages 267-278, April.
    12. Franke, Thomas & Krems, Josef F., 2013. "What drives range preferences in electric vehicle users?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 56-62.
    13. Andersson, Öivind & Börjesson, Pål, 2021. "The greenhouse gas emissions of an electrified vehicle combined with renewable fuels: Life cycle assessment and policy implications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    14. Xiao-Guang Yang & Teng Liu & Chao-Yang Wang, 2021. "Thermally modulated lithium iron phosphate batteries for mass-market electric vehicles," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 6(2), pages 176-185, February.
    15. Arora, Shashank & Shen, Weixiang & Kapoor, Ajay, 2016. "Review of mechanical design and strategic placement technique of a robust battery pack for electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1319-1331.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Liu, Xinglong & Zhao, Fuquan & Hao, Han & Liu, Zongwei, 2023. "Comparative analysis for different vehicle powertrains in terms of energy-saving potential and cost-effectiveness in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    2. Hasan Huseyin Coban & Wojciech Lewicki & Ewelina Sendek-Matysiak & Zbigniew Łosiewicz & Wojciech Drożdż & Radosław Miśkiewicz, 2022. "Electric Vehicles and Vehicle–Grid Interaction in the Turkish Electricity System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-19, November.
    3. Huang, Xiaohui & Huang, Qi & Cao, Huajun & Wang, Qianyue & Yan, Wanbin & Cao, Le, 2023. "Battery capacity selection for electric construction machinery considering variable operating conditions and multiple interest claims," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    4. Li, Da & Zhang, Zhaosheng & Zhou, Litao & Liu, Peng & Wang, Zhenpo & Deng, Junjun, 2022. "Multi-time-step and multi-parameter prediction for real-world proton exchange membrane fuel cell vehicles (PEMFCVs) toward fault prognosis and energy consumption prediction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    5. Li, Shicheng & Xu, Lin & Du, Xiaofang & Wang, Nian & Lin, Feng & Abdelkareem, Mohamed A.A., 2023. "Combined single-pedal and low adhesion control systems for enhanced energy regeneration in electric vehicles: Modeling, simulation, and on-field test," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    6. Zhang, Lei & Huang, Lvwei & Zhang, Zhaosheng & Wang, Zhenpo & Dorrell, David D., 2022. "Degradation characteristics investigation for lithium-ion cells with NCA cathode during overcharging," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).
    7. Kabir A. Mamun & F. R. Islam & R. Haque & Aneesh A. Chand & Kushal A. Prasad & Krishneel K. Goundar & Krishneel Prakash & Sidharth Maharaj, 2022. "Systematic Modeling and Analysis of On-Board Vehicle Integrated Novel Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Storage for Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-33, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mauler, Lukas & Duffner, Fabian & Leker, Jens, 2021. "Economies of scale in battery cell manufacturing: The impact of material and process innovations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    2. Schwab, Julia & Sölch, Christian & Zöttl, Gregor, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Cost in 2035: The impact of market penetration and charging strategies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    3. Duffner, Fabian & Mauler, Lukas & Wentker, Marc & Leker, Jens & Winter, Martin, 2021. "Large-scale automotive battery cell manufacturing: Analyzing strategic and operational effects on manufacturing costs," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    4. Duffner, F. & Wentker, M. & Greenwood, M. & Leker, J., 2020. "Battery cost modeling: A review and directions for future research," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    5. Jingzhao Zhang & Yanan Wang & Benben Jiang & Haowei He & Shaobo Huang & Chen Wang & Yang Zhang & Xuebing Han & Dongxu Guo & Guannan He & Minggao Ouyang, 2023. "Realistic fault detection of li-ion battery via dynamical deep learning," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-8, December.
    6. Hannula, I. & Reiner, D., 2017. "The race to solve the sustainable transport problem via carbon-neutral synthetic fuels and battery electric vehicles," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 1758, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
    7. Nykvist, Björn & Sprei, Frances & Nilsson, Måns, 2019. "Assessing the progress toward lower priced long range battery electric vehicles," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 144-155.
    8. Hetong Wang & Kuishuang Feng & Peng Wang & Yuyao Yang & Laixiang Sun & Fan Yang & Wei-Qiang Chen & Yiyi Zhang & Jiashuo Li, 2023. "China’s electric vehicle and climate ambitions jeopardized by surging critical material prices," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-13, December.
    9. Plunkett, Samuel T. & Chen, Chengxiu & Rojaee, Ramin & Doherty, Patrick & Sik Oh, Yun & Galazutdinova, Yana & Krishnamurthy, Mahesh & Al-Hallaj, Said, 2021. "Enhancing thermal safety in lithium-ion battery packs through parallel cell ‘current dumping’ mitigation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    10. Malhotra, Abhishek & Zhang, Huiting & Beuse, Martin & Schmidt, Tobias, 2021. "How do new use environments influence a technology's knowledge trajectory? A patent citation network analysis of lithium-ion battery technology," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(9).
    11. James T. Frith & Matthew J. Lacey & Ulderico Ulissi, 2023. "A non-academic perspective on the future of lithium-based batteries," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-17, December.
    12. Sun, Li & Sun, Wen & You, Fengqi, 2020. "Core temperature modelling and monitoring of lithium-ion battery in the presence of sensor bias," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    13. Helm, Carsten & Mier, Mathias, 2021. "Steering the energy transition in a world of intermittent electricity supply: Optimal subsidies and taxes for renewables and storage," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    14. Blanco, Herib & Gómez Vilchez, Jonatan J. & Nijs, Wouter & Thiel, Christian & Faaij, André, 2019. "Soft-linking of a behavioral model for transport with energy system cost optimization applied to hydrogen in EU," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    15. Schauf, Magnus & Schwenen, Sebastian, 2023. "System price dynamics for battery storage," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    16. Stefan Arens & Sunke Schlüters & Benedikt Hanke & Karsten von Maydell & Carsten Agert, 2020. "Sustainable Residential Energy Supply: A Literature Review-Based Morphological Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-28, January.
    17. Ghorbani, Narges & Aghahosseini, Arman & Breyer, Christian, 2020. "Assessment of a cost-optimal power system fully based on renewable energy for Iran by 2050 – Achieving zero greenhouse gas emissions and overcoming the water crisis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 125-148.
    18. Jun-Hyuk Song & Seungju Yu & Byunghoon Kim & Donggun Eum & Jiung Cho & Ho-Young Jang & Sung-O Park & Jaekyun Yoo & Youngmin Ko & Kyeongsu Lee & Myeong Hwan Lee & Byungwook Kang & Kisuk Kang, 2023. "Slab gliding, a hidden factor that induces irreversibility and redox asymmetry of lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, December.
    19. Hsieh, I-Yun Lisa & Pan, Menghsuan Sam & Chiang, Yet-Ming & Green, William H., 2019. "Learning only buys you so much: Practical limits on battery price reduction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 218-224.
    20. Johannes Morfeldt & Daniel J. A. Johansson, 2022. "Impacts of shared mobility on vehicle lifetimes and on the carbon footprint of electric vehicles," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-11, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:306:y:2022:i:pb:s0306261921013957. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.