IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i21p8218-d962562.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Electric Vehicles and Vehicle–Grid Interaction in the Turkish Electricity System

Author

Listed:
  • Hasan Huseyin Coban

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Ardahan University, Ardahan 75002, Turkey)

  • Wojciech Lewicki

    (Faculty of Economics, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Zołnierska 47, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Ewelina Sendek-Matysiak

    (Faculty of Management and Computer Modeling, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland)

  • Zbigniew Łosiewicz

    (Department of Maritime Technology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, al. Piastów 41, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Wojciech Drożdż

    (Institute of Management, University of Szczecin, Cukrowa 8, 71-004 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Radosław Miśkiewicz

    (Institute of Management, University of Szczecin, Cukrowa 8, 71-004 Szczecin, Poland)

Abstract

Electric vehicles and energy storage systems are technologies in the stage of intensive development. One of the innovative ways to use electric cars is the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) concept. V2G charging points are characterized by the ability of bidirectional energy flow while charging EV/BEV (Electric Vehicles/Battery Electric Vehicles). In periods of low energy consumption and the presence of the highest shares of renewable sources, the cleanest electricity is drawn from the grid at the lowest prices and stored in a “mobile warehouse”, which is an electric car. During the reported peaks in electricity demand and the presence of high tariffs, the previously stored energy may be sold back to the distribution network operator. Thanks to this application, the technology determines the highest profitability of the system and assigns EV/BEV the ability to manage electricity flows, while improving the energy balance of the economy. The prospects for the spread of V2G have increased along with the growing requirements for domestic economies, closely related to the significant share of renewable energy sources. The vision of connecting EV/BEV with the power grid creates completely new ways of managing energy and makes it possible to build smart agglomerations in line with the Smartcity idea. Especially since Turkey is one of the countries promoting this idea. The scientific aim of the study is to maximize the aggregator’s profits for V2G by creating a coalition with renewable energy producers and combining the capacities of many EVs and offering their total capacities to the electricity markets. The subject of the research was to obtain extensive knowledge about the vehicle–grid interactions taking place in the Turkish power system. For this purpose, an analysis is conducted to determine the optimal preferred operating points and the amount of regulation proposals that maximize the profit of the EV users while satisfying the constraints of each stochastic parameter. The results show the system benefits from the implementation of the algorithms are significant to optimal bidirectional V2G impacts on distribution systems with high penetration of EVs. The research can find practical applications in assessing the role of electric vehicles and their integration in the vehicle–grid system in power systems. At the same time, pointing to the benefits related to the implementation of such solutions for Turkey and other countries in the field of electromobility, stability of energy systems, and energy independence through the possibility of achieving the desired synergy effect.

Suggested Citation

  • Hasan Huseyin Coban & Wojciech Lewicki & Ewelina Sendek-Matysiak & Zbigniew Łosiewicz & Wojciech Drożdż & Radosław Miśkiewicz, 2022. "Electric Vehicles and Vehicle–Grid Interaction in the Turkish Electricity System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-19, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:21:p:8218-:d:962562
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/21/8218/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/21/8218/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Burd, Joshua Thomas Jameson & Moore, Elizabeth A. & Ezzat, Hesham & Kirchain, Randolph & Roth, Richard, 2021. "Improvements in electric vehicle battery technology influence vehicle lightweighting and material substitution decisions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    2. Seyfettin Vadi & Ramazan Bayindir & Alperen Mustafa Colak & Eklas Hossain, 2019. "A Review on Communication Standards and Charging Topologies of V2G and V2H Operation Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-27, September.
    3. Florinda Martins & Carlos Felgueiras & Miroslava Smitkova & Nídia Caetano, 2019. "Analysis of Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption and Environmental Impacts in European Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-11, March.
    4. Lund, Henrik & Kempton, Willett, 2008. "Integration of renewable energy into the transport and electricity sectors through V2G," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(9), pages 3578-3587, September.
    5. Matteo Muratori, 2018. "Impact of uncoordinated plug-in electric vehicle charging on residential power demand," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 3(3), pages 193-201, March.
    6. Santos, Georgina, 2017. "Road transport and CO2 emissions: What are the challenges?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 71-74.
    7. Mangipinto, Andrea & Lombardi, Francesco & Sanvito, Francesco Davide & Pavičević, Matija & Quoilin, Sylvain & Colombo, Emanuela, 2022. "Impact of mass-scale deployment of electric vehicles and benefits of smart charging across all European countries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    8. Kester, Johannes & Noel, Lance & Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo & Sovacool, Benjamin K., 2018. "Promoting Vehicle to Grid (V2G) in the Nordic region: Expert advice on policy mechanisms for accelerated diffusion," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 422-432.
    9. María Garcés Quílez & Mohamed Abdel-Monem & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Yang Yang & Joeri Van Mierlo & Omar Hegazy, 2018. "Modelling, Analysis and Performance Evaluation of Power Conversion Unit in G2V/V2G Application—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-24, April.
    10. Mariusz Niekurzak & Wojciech Lewicki & Wojciech Drożdż & Paweł Miązek, 2022. "Measures for Assessing the Effectiveness of Investments for Electricity and Heat Generation from the Hybrid Cooperation of a Photovoltaic Installation with a Heat Pump on the Example of a Household," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-20, August.
    11. Yang, Chen, 2022. "Running battery electric vehicles with extended range: Coupling cost and energy analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PB).
    12. Mwasilu, Francis & Justo, Jackson John & Kim, Eun-Kyung & Do, Ton Duc & Jung, Jin-Woo, 2014. "Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: A review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 501-516.
    13. Solaymani, Saeed, 2019. "CO2 emissions patterns in 7 top carbon emitter economies: The case of transport sector," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 989-1001.
    14. Wojciech Lewicki & Wojciech Drozdz, 2021. "Electromobility and its Development Prospects in the Context of Industry 4.0: A Comparative Study of Poland and the European Union," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(2B), pages 135-144.
    15. Shirazi, Yosef & Carr, Edward & Knapp, Lauren, 2015. "A cost-benefit analysis of alternatively fueled buses with special considerations for V2G technology," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 591-603.
    16. Renata Varfolomejeva & Antans Sauhats & Nikita Sokolovs & Hasan Coban, 2017. "The Influence of Small-Scale Power Plant Supporting Schemes on the Public Trader and Consumers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-12, June.
    17. Sofana Reka S & Prakash Venugopal & Ravi V & Hassan Haes Alhelou & Amer Al-Hinai & Pierluigi Siano, 2022. "Analysis of Electric Vehicles with an Economic Perspective for the Future Electric Market," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-17, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Krystian Szczepański & Katarzyna Bebkiewicz & Zdzisław Chłopek & Hubert Sar & Dagna Zakrzewska, 2023. "Analysis of the National Annual Emission of Pollutants from Road Transport in Poland in the Years 1990–2020," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-22, May.
    2. Alexandre F. M. Correia & Pedro Moura & Aníbal T. de Almeida, 2022. "Technical and Economic Assessment of Battery Storage and Vehicle-to-Grid Systems in Building Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-23, November.
    3. Aleksy Kwilinski & Oleksii Lyulyov & Tetyana Pimonenko, 2023. "Greenfield Investment as a Catalyst of Green Economic Growth," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-16, March.
    4. Aleksy Kwilinski & Oleksii Lyulyov & Tetyana Pimonenko, 2023. "Inclusive Economic Growth: Relationship between Energy and Governance Efficiency," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-16, March.
    5. Fei Zeng & Zhinong Wei & Guoqiang Sun & Mingshen Wang & Haiteng Han, 2023. "Frequency Regulation of Electric Vehicle Aggregator Considering User Requirements with Limited Data Collection," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-21, January.
    6. Henryk Dzwigol & Aleksy Kwilinski & Oleksii Lyulyov & Tetyana Pimonenko, 2023. "The Role of Environmental Regulations, Renewable Energy, and Energy Efficiency in Finding the Path to Green Economic Growth," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-18, March.
    7. Henryk Dzwigol & Aleksy Kwilinski & Oleksii Lyulyov & Tetyana Pimonenko, 2023. "Renewable Energy, Knowledge Spillover and Innovation: Capacity of Environmental Regulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-15, January.
    8. Morteza Nazari-Heris & Mehdi Abapour & Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo, 2022. "An Updated Review and Outlook on Electric Vehicle Aggregators in Electric Energy Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-24, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Fridgen, Gilbert & Keller, Robert & Körner, Marc-Fabian & Schöpf, Michael, 2020. "A holistic view on sector coupling," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    2. Mehrdad Tarafdar-Hagh & Kamran Taghizad-Tavana & Mohsen Ghanbari-Ghalehjoughi & Sayyad Nojavan & Parisa Jafari & Amin Mohammadpour Shotorbani, 2023. "Optimizing Electric Vehicle Operations for a Smart Environment: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-21, May.
    3. Md. Rayid Hasan Mojumder & Fahmida Ahmed Antara & Md. Hasanuzzaman & Basem Alamri & Mohammad Alsharef, 2022. "Electric Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technologies: Impact on the Power Grid and Battery," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-53, October.
    4. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Kester, Johannes & Noel, Lance & Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo, 2020. "Actors, business models, and innovation activity systems for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    5. Li, Xiaohui & Wang, Zhenpo & Zhang, Lei & Sun, Fengchun & Cui, Dingsong & Hecht, Christopher & Figgener, Jan & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2023. "Electric vehicle behavior modeling and applications in vehicle-grid integration: An overview," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    6. Géremi Gilson Dranka & Paula Ferreira, 2020. "Electric Vehicles and Biofuels Synergies in the Brazilian Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-22, August.
    7. Mathiesen, B.V. & Lund, H. & Connolly, D. & Wenzel, H. & Østergaard, P.A. & Möller, B. & Nielsen, S. & Ridjan, I. & Karnøe, P. & Sperling, K. & Hvelplund, F.K., 2015. "Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 139-154.
    8. Alfredo Alvarez-Diazcomas & Adyr A. Estévez-Bén & Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz & Miguel-Angel Martínez-Prado & Roberto V. Carrillo-Serrano & Suresh Thenozhi, 2020. "A Review of Battery Equalizer Circuits for Electric Vehicle Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-29, October.
    9. Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo, 2019. "Who will buy electric vehicles after early adopters? Using machine learning to identify the electric vehicle mainstream market," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 243-254.
    10. Wang, Hanjie & Yu, Xiaohua, 2023. "Carbon dioxide emission typology and policy implications: Evidence from machine learning," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    11. Zhao, Yang & Noori, Mehdi & Tatari, Omer, 2017. "Boosting the adoption and the reliability of renewable energy sources: Mitigating the large-scale wind power intermittency through vehicle to grid technology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 608-618.
    12. Gonzalez Venegas, Felipe & Petit, Marc & Perez, Yannick, 2021. "Active integration of electric vehicles into distribution grids: Barriers and frameworks for flexibility services," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    13. David Borge-Diez & Pedro Miguel Ortega-Cabezas & Antonio Colmenar-Santos & Jorge Juan Blanes-Peiró, 2021. "Contribution of Driving Efficiency to Vehicle-to-Building," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-30, June.
    14. Kang Miao Tan & Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy & Jia Ying Yong & Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban & Lucian Mihet-Popa & Frede Blaabjerg, 2017. "Minimization of Load Variance in Power Grids—Investigation on Optimal Vehicle-to-Grid Scheduling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-21, November.
    15. Liang, Jing & Qiu, Yueming (Lucy) & Xing, Bo, 2022. "Impacts of the co-adoption of electric vehicles and solar panel systems: Empirical evidence of changes in electricity demand and consumer behaviors from household smart meter data," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    16. Stef Proost & Mads Greaker & Cathrine Hagem, 2019. "Vehicle-to-Grid. Impacts on the electricity market and consumer cost of electric vehicles," Discussion Papers 903, Statistics Norway, Research Department.
    17. McPherson, Madeleine & Ismail, Malik & Hoornweg, Daniel & Metcalfe, Murray, 2018. "Planning for variable renewable energy and electric vehicle integration under varying degrees of decentralization: A case study in Lusaka, Zambia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 332-346.
    18. Jesús Rodríguez-Molina & Pedro Castillejo & Victoria Beltran & Margarita Martínez-Núñez, 2020. "A Model for Cost–Benefit Analysis of Privately Owned Vehicle-to-Grid Solutions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-38, November.
    19. Heilmann, C. & Friedl, G., 2021. "Factors influencing the economic success of grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid applications—A review and meta-analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    20. Liao, Zitong & Taiebat, Morteza & Xu, Ming, 2021. "Shared autonomous electric vehicle fleets with vehicle-to-grid capability: Economic viability and environmental co-benefits," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:21:p:8218-:d:962562. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.