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Thermally modulated lithium iron phosphate batteries for mass-market electric vehicles

Author

Listed:
  • Xiao-Guang Yang

    (The Pennsylvania State University)

  • Teng Liu

    (The Pennsylvania State University)

  • Chao-Yang Wang

    (The Pennsylvania State University
    EC Power)

Abstract

The pursuit of energy density has driven electric vehicle (EV) batteries from using lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes in early days to ternary layered oxides increasingly rich in nickel; however, it is impossible to forgo the LFP battery due to its unsurpassed safety, as well as its low cost and cobalt-free nature. Here we demonstrate a thermally modulated LFP battery to offer an adequate cruise range per charge that is extendable by 10 min recharge in all climates, essentially guaranteeing EVs that are free of range anxiety. Such a thermally modulated LFP battery designed to operate at a working temperature around 60 °C in any ambient condition promises to be a well-rounded powertrain for mass-market EVs. Furthermore, we reveal that the limited working time at the high temperature presents an opportunity to use graphite of low surface areas, thereby prospectively prolonging the EV lifespan to greater than two million miles.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiao-Guang Yang & Teng Liu & Chao-Yang Wang, 2021. "Thermally modulated lithium iron phosphate batteries for mass-market electric vehicles," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 6(2), pages 176-185, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natene:v:6:y:2021:i:2:d:10.1038_s41560-020-00757-7
    DOI: 10.1038/s41560-020-00757-7
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    Cited by:

    1. Niu, Junyan & Zhuang, Weichao & Ye, Jianwei & Song, Ziyou & Yin, Guodong & Zhang, Yuanjian, 2022. "Optimal sizing and learning-based energy management strategy of NCR/LTO hybrid battery system for electric taxis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    2. Xu, Jie & Huang, Yuping, 2022. "The short-term optimal resource allocation approach for electric vehicles and V2G service stations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 319(C).
    3. Elitza Karadotcheva & Sang N. Nguyen & Emile S. Greenhalgh & Milo S. P. Shaffer & Anthony R. J. Kucernak & Peter Linde, 2021. "Structural Power Performance Targets for Future Electric Aircraft," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-30, September.
    4. Johannes Morfeldt & Daniel J. A. Johansson, 2022. "Impacts of shared mobility on vehicle lifetimes and on the carbon footprint of electric vehicles," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-11, December.
    5. James T. Frith & Matthew J. Lacey & Ulderico Ulissi, 2023. "A non-academic perspective on the future of lithium-based batteries," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-17, December.
    6. Zhou, Na & Su, Hui & Wu, Qiaosheng & Hu, Shougeng & Xu, Deyi & Yang, Danhui & Cheng, Jinhua, 2022. "China's lithium supply chain: Security dynamics and policy countermeasures," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
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    9. Duggal, Angel Swastik & Singh, Rajesh & Gehlot, Anita & Gupta, Lovi Raj & Akram, Sheik Vaseem & Prakash, Chander & Singh, Sunpreet & Kumar, Raman, 2021. "Infrastructure, mobility and safety 4.0: Modernization in road transportation," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    10. Lingyu Meng & Guofa Wang & Khay Wai See & Yunpeng Wang & Yong Zhang & Caiyun Zang & Rulin Zhou & Bin Xie, 2022. "Large-Scale Li-Ion Battery Research and Application in Mining Industry," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-31, May.
    11. Li, Changlong & Cui, Naxin & Chang, Long & Cui, Zhongrui & Yuan, Haitao & Zhang, Chenghui, 2022. "Effect of parallel connection topology on air-cooled lithium-ion battery module: Inconsistency analysis and comprehensive evaluation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    12. Guanjun Ji & Junxiong Wang & Zheng Liang & Kai Jia & Jun Ma & Zhaofeng Zhuang & Guangmin Zhou & Hui-Ming Cheng, 2023. "Direct regeneration of degraded lithium-ion battery cathodes with a multifunctional organic lithium salt," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-11, December.
    13. Jun Ma & Junxiong Wang & Kai Jia & Zheng Liang & Guanjun Ji & Haocheng Ji & Yanfei Zhu & Wen Chen & Hui-Ming Cheng & Guangmin Zhou, 2024. "Subtractive transformation of cathode materials in spent Li-ion batteries to a low-cobalt 5 V-class cathode material," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-10, December.
    14. Debiagi, P. & Rocha, R.C. & Scholtissek, A. & Janicka, J. & Hasse, C., 2022. "Iron as a sustainable chemical carrier of renewable energy: Analysis of opportunities and challenges for retrofitting coal-fired power plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    15. Jingzhao Zhang & Yanan Wang & Benben Jiang & Haowei He & Shaobo Huang & Chen Wang & Yang Zhang & Xuebing Han & Dongxu Guo & Guannan He & Minggao Ouyang, 2023. "Realistic fault detection of li-ion battery via dynamical deep learning," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-8, December.
    16. Girade, Piyush & Shah, Harsh & Kaushik, Karan & Patheria, Akil & Xu, Bin, 2021. "Comparative analysis of state of charge based adaptive supervisory control strategies of plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    17. Li, Xining & Ju, Lingling & Geng, Guangchao & Jiang, Quanyuan, 2023. "Data-driven state-of-health estimation for lithium-ion battery based on aging features," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    18. Yang, Chen, 2022. "Running battery electric vehicles with extended range: Coupling cost and energy analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PB).
    19. Chengjian Xu & Paul Behrens & Paul Gasper & Kandler Smith & Mingming Hu & Arnold Tukker & Bernhard Steubing, 2023. "Electric vehicle batteries alone could satisfy short-term grid storage demand by as early as 2030," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-11, December.
    20. Yuqiang Zeng & Fengyu Shen & Buyi Zhang & Jaeheon Lee & Divya Chalise & Qiye Zheng & Yanbao Fu & Sumanjeet Kaur & Sean D. Lubner & Vincent S. Battaglia & Bryan D. McCloskey & Michael C. Tucker & Ravi , 2023. "Nonintrusive thermal-wave sensor for operando quantification of degradation in commercial batteries," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-9, December.
    21. Daniele Beltrami & Paolo Iora & Laura Tribioli & Stefano Uberti, 2021. "Electrification of Compact Off-Highway Vehicles—Overview of the Current State of the Art and Trends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-30, September.
    22. Charles Lincoln Kenji Yamamura & Harmi Takiya & Cláudia Aparecida Soares Machado & José Carlos Curvelo Santana & José Alberto Quintanilha & Fernando Tobal Berssaneti, 2022. "Electric Cars in Brazil: An Analysis of Core Green Technologies and the Transition Process," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-19, May.
    23. Wang, Yujie & Zhang, Xingchen & Chen, Zonghai, 2022. "Low temperature preheating techniques for Lithium-ion batteries: Recent advances and future challenges," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).

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