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Why Has the Middle East Been so Slow to Globalize?

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  • Looney Robert E

    (Naval Postgraduate School)

Abstract

Over the last several decades, the economic performance of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) has lagged behind many other parts of the world. While a number of factors have been cited as the cause of the region’s malaise, the lack of globalization is increasingly mentioned as a possible source of difficulty. Focusing on the factors responsible for increased levels of globalization, it appears that internal policy reforms rather than external constraints are primarily responsible for the relative integration of the MENA countries into the world economy. Of the areas of policy under the direct control of MENA governments, improvements in several categories of governance, rather than further economic reforms, appear most effective in the attainment of increased levels of globalization.

Suggested Citation

  • Looney Robert E, 2005. "Why Has the Middle East Been so Slow to Globalize?," Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, De Gruyter, vol. 3(3), pages 2-31, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:bpj:rmeecf:v:3:y:2005:i:3:n:2
    DOI: 10.2202/1475-3693.1042
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Smyth, Russell, 2009. "Multivariate granger causality between electricity consumption, exports and GDP: Evidence from a panel of Middle Eastern countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 229-236, January.
    3. Sadorsky, Perry, 2011. "Trade and energy consumption in the Middle East," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 739-749, September.
    4. Gasmi, Farid & Kouakou, Dorgyles & Noumba Um, Paul & Rojas Milla, Pedro, 2023. "An empirical analysis of the social contract in the MENA region and the role of digitalization in its transformation," TSE Working Papers 23-1423, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE).
    5. Siham Matallah & Amal Matallah, 2017. "Do Globalization and Economic Freedom Trigger Economic Growth in MENA Countries? Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications," Academic Journal of Economic Studies, Faculty of Finance, Banking and Accountancy Bucharest,"Dimitrie Cantemir" Christian University Bucharest, vol. 3(2), pages 76-87, June.

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