IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/finmgt/v38y2009i2p253-284.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Impact of Fundamentals on IPO Valuation

Author

Listed:
  • Rajesh Aggarwal
  • Sanjai Bhagat
  • Srinivasan Rangan

Abstract

We examine how initial public offering (IPO) valuation has changed over time by focusing on three time periods: 1986‐1990, January 1997 to March 2000 (designated as the boom period), and April 2000 to December 2001 (designated as the crash period). Using a sample of 1,655 IPOs, we find that firms with more negative earnings have higher valuations than do firms with less negative earnings and firms with more positive earnings have higher valuations than firms with less positive earnings. Our results suggest that negative earnings are a proxy for growth opportunities for Internet firms and that such growth options are a significant component of IPO firm value.

Suggested Citation

  • Rajesh Aggarwal & Sanjai Bhagat & Srinivasan Rangan, 2009. "The Impact of Fundamentals on IPO Valuation," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 38(2), pages 253-284, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:finmgt:v:38:y:2009:i:2:p:253-284
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-053X.2009.01035.x
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-053X.2009.01035.x
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/j.1755-053X.2009.01035.x?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Alexander Ljungqvist & William J. Wilhelm, 2003. "IPO Pricing in the Dot‐com Bubble," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(2), pages 723-752, April.
    2. Jay R. Ritter & Ivo Welch, 2002. "A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(4), pages 1795-1828, August.
    3. Moshe Buchinsky, 1998. "Recent Advances in Quantile Regression Models: A Practical Guideline for Empirical Research," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 33(1), pages 88-126.
    4. Eli Bartov & Partha Mohanram & Chandrakanth Seethamraju, 2002. "Valuation of Internet Stocks—An IPO Perspective," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(2), pages 321-346, May.
    5. Baber, William R. & Janakiraman, Surya N. & Kang, Sok-Hyon, 1996. "Investment opportunities and the structure of executive compensation," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(3), pages 297-318, June.
    6. Ritter, Jay R, 1984. "Signaling and the Valuation of Unseasoned New Issues: A Comment," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 39(4), pages 1231-1237, September.
    7. Rajesh K. Aggarwal & Andrew A. Samwick, 1999. "Executive Compensation, Strategic Competition, and Relative Performance Evaluation: Theory and Evidence," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 54(6), pages 1999-2043, December.
    8. Feltham, Gerald A. & Hughes, John S. & Simunic, Dan A., 1991. "Empirical assessment of the impact of auditor quality on the valuation of new issues," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 14(4), pages 375-399, December.
    9. David, Paul A. & Hall, Bronwyn H. & Toole, Andrew A., 2000. "Is public R&D a complement or substitute for private R&D? A review of the econometric evidence," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 29(4-5), pages 497-529, April.
    10. Leland, Hayne E & Pyle, David H, 1977. "Informational Asymmetries, Financial Structure, and Financial Intermediation," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 32(2), pages 371-387, May.
    11. Paul E. Fischer & Robert E. Verrecchia, 1997. "The Effect of Limited Liability on the Market Response to Disclosure," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(3), pages 515-541, September.
    12. Gaver, Jennifer J. & Gaver, Kenneth M., 1993. "Additional evidence on the association between the investment opportunity set and corporate financing, dividend, and compensation policies," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 16(1-3), pages 125-160, April.
    13. Roger W. Koenker & Vasco D'Orey, 1987. "Computing Regression Quantiles," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 36(3), pages 383-393, November.
    14. Collins, Daniel W. & Maydew, Edward L. & Weiss, Ira S., 1997. "Changes in the value-relevance of earnings and book values over the past forty years," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(1), pages 39-67, December.
    15. Amiyatosh K. Purnanandam, 2004. "Are IPOs Really Underpriced?," Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 17(3), pages 811-848.
    16. Downes, David H & Heinkel, Robert, 1982. "Signaling and the Valuation of Unseasoned New Issues," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 37(1), pages 1-10, March.
    17. Tim Loughran & Jay Ritter, 2004. "Why Has IPO Underpricing Changed Over Time?," Financial Management, Financial Management Association, vol. 33(3), Fall.
    18. Beatty, Randolph P. & Ritter, Jay R., 1986. "Investment banking, reputation, and the underpricing of initial public offerings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(1-2), pages 213-232.
    19. Koenker, Roger W & Bassett, Gilbert, Jr, 1978. "Regression Quantiles," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 46(1), pages 33-50, January.
    20. Keating, Elizabeth K. & Lys, Thomas Z. & Magee, Robert P., 2003. "Internet downturn: finding valuation factors in Spring 2000," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(1-3), pages 189-236, January.
    21. Core, John E. & Guay, Wayne R. & Buskirk, Andrew Van, 2003. "Market valuations in the New Economy: an investigation of what has changed," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(1-3), pages 43-67, January.
    22. Richard B. Carter & Frederick H. Dark & Ajai K. Singh, 1998. "Underwriter Reputation, Initial Returns, and the Long-Run Performance of IPO Stocks," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 53(1), pages 285-311, February.
    23. Basu, Sudipta, 1997. "The conservatism principle and the asymmetric timeliness of earnings," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(1), pages 3-37, December.
    24. Roger Koenker & Kevin F. Hallock, 2001. "Quantile Regression," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 15(4), pages 143-156, Fall.
    25. Megginson, William L & Weiss, Kathleen A, 1991. "Venture Capitalist Certification in Initial Public Offerings," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 46(3), pages 879-903, July.
    26. Lev, Baruch & Sougiannis, Theodore, 1996. "The capitalization, amortization, and value-relevance of R&D," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 107-138, February.
    27. Reena Aggarwal, 2000. "Stabilization Activities by Underwriters after Initial Public Offerings," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 55(3), pages 1075-1103, June.
    28. Bhagat, Sanjai & Welch, Ivo, 1995. "Corporate research & development investments international comparisons," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(2-3), pages 443-470, April.
    29. Eli Ofek & Matthew Richardson, 2003. "DotCom Mania: The Rise and Fall of Internet Stock Prices," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(3), pages 1113-1138, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Cécile Carpentier & Jean-François L’Her & Jean-Marc Suret, 2012. "Seasoned equity offerings by small and medium-sized enterprises," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 38(4), pages 449-465, May.
    2. Cécile Carpentier & Jean-Marc Suret, 2011. "L'escompte canadien : un réexamen," CIRANO Project Reports 2011rp-11, CIRANO.
    3. Andreas Köhn, 2018. "The determinants of startup valuation in the venture capital context: a systematic review and avenues for future research," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 68(1), pages 3-36, February.
    4. Baranchuk, Nina & Kieschnick, Robert & Moussawi, Rabih, 2014. "Motivating innovation in newly public firms," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(3), pages 578-588.
    5. Reber, Beat, 2017. "Does mispricing, liquidity or third-party certification contribute to IPO downside risk?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 25-53.
    6. Michael Willenborg & Biyu Wu & Yanhua Sunny Yang, 2015. "Issuer Operating Performance and IPO Price Formation," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 53(5), pages 1109-1149, December.
    7. Cécile Carpentier & Douglas Cumming & Jean-Marc Suret, 2010. "The Valuation Effect of Listing Requirements: An Analysis of Venture Capital-Backed IPOs," CIRANO Working Papers 2010s-01, CIRANO.
    8. Carey, Peter & Fang, Victor & Zhang, Hong Feng, 2016. "The role of optimistic news stories in IPO pricing," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 16-29.
    9. Tatiana Fedyk & Zvi Singer & Mark Soliman, 2017. "The sharpest tool in the shed: IPO financial statement management of STEM vs. non-STEM firms," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 22(4), pages 1541-1581, December.
    10. Banerjee, Shantanu & Güçbilmez, Ufuk & Pawlina, Grzegorz, 2016. "Leaders and followers in hot IPO markets," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 309-334.
    11. Ying Xiao & Chris Yung, 2015. "Extrapolation Errors in IPOs," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 44(4), pages 713-751, October.
    12. Reber, Beat & Vencappa, Dev, 2016. "Deliberate premarket underpricing and aftermarket mispricing: New insights on IPO pricing," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 18-33.
    13. Carpentier, Cécile & Suret, Jean-Marc, 2019. "On the performance of a stepping-stone market," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 226-239.
    14. Seshadev Sahoo, 2015. "Subscription Rate and Volatility," Journal of Emerging Market Finance, Institute for Financial Management and Research, vol. 14(1), pages 20-58, April.
    15. Boucher, Carène & Kooli, Maher, 2022. "Anatomy of money-losing IPOs," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    16. He, Liyu & Hsin-han Shen, Carl & Shiu, Cheng-Yi, 2022. "Is fair value information fairly priced? Evidence from IPOs in global capital markets✰," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    17. Cécile Carpentier & Jean-François L'Her & Jean-Marc Suret, 2010. "Seasoned Equity Offerings by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises," CIRANO Working Papers 2010s-07, CIRANO.
    18. C.P. Gupta & Sneha Suri, 2017. "Valuation and Pricing of Indian IPOs," Vision, , vol. 21(4), pages 375-384, December.
    19. Signori, Andrea, 2018. "Zero-revenue IPOs," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 106-121.
    20. Jerry W. Chen & Jing Zhou, 2021. "Valuing Initial Public Offerings Using Article 11 Pro Forma Financial Information in the Prospectus," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(1), pages 707-739, March.
    21. Boucher, Carène & Kooli, Maher & Walker, Thomas, 2023. "Litigation risk, underpricing, and money-losing IPOs," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    22. Mary Brooke Billings & Kevin Hsueh & Melissa F. Lewis-Western & Gladriel Shobe, 2023. "Innovations in IPO Deal Structure: Do Up-C IPOs Harm Public Shareholders?," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(5), pages 3048-3079, May.
    23. Alok R. Saboo & Anindita Chakravarty & Rajdeep Grewal, 2016. "Organizational Debut on the Public Stage: Marketing Myopia and Initial Public Offerings," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 35(4), pages 656-675, July.
    24. Harsimran Sandhu & Kousik Guhathakurta, 2020. "Effects of IPO Offer Price Ranges on Initial Subscription, Initial Turnover and Ownership Structure—Evidence from Indian IPO Market," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Reber, Beat, 2017. "Does mispricing, liquidity or third-party certification contribute to IPO downside risk?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 25-53.
    2. Reber, Beat & Vencappa, Dev, 2016. "Deliberate premarket underpricing and aftermarket mispricing: New insights on IPO pricing," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 18-33.
    3. Pukthuanthong, Kuntara, 2006. "Underwriter learning about unfamiliar firms: Evidence from the history of biotech IPOS," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 9(4), pages 366-407, November.
    4. Elvira Tiziana La Rocca, 2016. "Ipo, Underpricing e Corporate governance: una meta analisi," ESPERIENZE D'IMPRESA, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2016(1), pages 41-64.
    5. McGuinness, Paul B., 2014. "IPO firm value and its connection with cornerstone and wider signalling effects," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 138-162.
    6. Banerjee, Shantanu & Güçbilmez, Ufuk & Pawlina, Grzegorz, 2016. "Leaders and followers in hot IPO markets," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 309-334.
    7. Elizabeth Demers & Philip Joos, 2007. "IPO Failure Risk," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(2), pages 333-371, May.
    8. Paul B. McGuinness, 2016. "Post-IPO performance and its association with subscription cascades and issuers’ strategic-political importance," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 46(2), pages 291-333, February.
    9. Mike Siew Wei Leong & Sheela Devi Sundarasen, 2015. "Ipo Initial Returns And Volatility: A Study In An Emerging Market," The International Journal of Business and Finance Research, The Institute for Business and Finance Research, vol. 9(3), pages 71-82.
    10. Gounopoulos, Dimitrios & Kallias, Antonios & Kallias, Konstantinos & Tzeremes, Panayiotis G., 2017. "Political money contributions of U.S. IPOs," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 19-38.
    11. Gullapalli, Rachita & Knyazeva, Anzhela, 2020. "Foreign issuers in emerging growth company IPOs," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    12. Goergen, Marc & Gounopoulos, Dimitrios & Koutroumpis, Panagiotis, 2021. "Do multiple credit ratings reduce money left on the table? Evidence from U.S. IPOs," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    13. Butler, Alexander W. & Keefe, Michael O'Connor & Kieschnick, Robert, 2014. "Robust determinants of IPO underpricing and their implications for IPO research," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 367-383.
    14. Agathee, Ushad Subadar & Sannassee, Raja Vinesh & Brooks, Chris, 2012. "The underpricing of IPOs on the Stock Exchange of Mauritius," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 281-303.
    15. Tiziana La Rocca, 2021. "Do prestigious underwriters shape IPO pricing? A meta-analytic review," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 15(3), pages 573-609, April.
    16. Grammenos, Costas Th. & Papapostolou, Nikos C., 2012. "US shipping initial public offerings: Do prospectus and market information matter?," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 276-295.
    17. Ozdemir, Ozgur & Upneja, Arun, 2016. "The role of internationalization on the IPO performance of service firms: Examination of initial returns, long-run returns, and survivability," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(5), pages 997-1009.
    18. Dierkes, Maik & Krupski, Jan & Schroen, Sebastian, 2022. "Option-implied lottery demand and IPO returns," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    19. Catherine M. Daily & S. Trevis Certo & Dan R. Dalton & Rungpen Roengpitya, 2003. "IPO Underpricing: A Meta–Analysis and Research Synthesis," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 27(3), pages 271-295, July.
    20. Chua, Ansley, 2014. "Market conditions, underwriter reputation and first day return of IPOs," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 131-153.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:finmgt:v:38:y:2009:i:2:p:253-284. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/fmaaaea.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.