IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/coecpo/v43y2025i2p226-259.html

The economic effect of discrimination: Evidence from the restaurant sector

Author

Listed:
  • Guanting Yi

Abstract

Discrimination often leads to economic consequences for affected groups. This study examines the economic impact of consumer discrimination on Chinese restaurants in the U.S. during the COVID‐19 pandemic's onset. Using cell phone data and revenue records, it identifies a significant −10% relative decline in visits to Chinese restaurants by April 2020, resulting in a $35 million loss. The study finds supply‐side factors, such as restaurant closures and online business transitions, had limited impact, highlighting demand‐side factors like county‐level political affiliation, racial diversity, and Asian population ratios as significant contributors.

Suggested Citation

  • Guanting Yi, 2025. "The economic effect of discrimination: Evidence from the restaurant sector," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 43(2), pages 226-259, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:coecpo:v:43:y:2025:i:2:p:226-259
    DOI: 10.1111/coep.12660
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12660
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/coep.12660?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. repec:boc:pcon20:13 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Asaf Zussman, 2023. "Discrimination in Times of Crises and the Role of the Media," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 15(4), pages 422-451, October.
    3. Remi Jedwab & Noel D. Johnson & Mark Koyama, 2019. "Negative shocks and mass persecutions: evidence from the Black Death," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 24(4), pages 345-395, December.
    4. Robert Warren Anderson & Noel D. Johnson & Mark Koyama, 2017. "Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100–1800," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 127(602), pages 924-958, June.
    5. Harry J. Holzer & Keith R. Ihlanfeldt, 1998. "Customer Discrimination and Employment Outcomes for Minority Workers," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 113(3), pages 835-867.
    6. Clark Nardinelli & Curtis Simon, 1990. "Customer Racial Discrimination in the Market for Memorabilia: The Case of Baseball," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 105(3), pages 575-595.
    7. David Neumark & Roy J. Bank & Kyle D. Van Nort, 1996. "Sex Discrimination in Restaurant Hiring: An Audit Study," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 111(3), pages 915-941.
    8. Neeraj Kaushal & Robert Kaestner & Cordelia Reimers, 2007. "Labor Market Effects of September 11th on Arab and Muslim Residents of the United States," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 42(2).
    9. Allcott, Hunt & Boxell, Levi & Conway, Jacob & Gentzkow, Matthew & Thaler, Michael & Yang, David, 2020. "Polarization and public health: Partisan differences in social distancing during the coronavirus pandemic," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    10. Pierre-Philippe Combes & Bruno Decreuse & Morgane Laouénan & Alain Trannoy, 2016. "Customer Discrimination and Employment Outcomes: Theory and Evidence from the French Labor Market," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 34(1), pages 107-160.
    11. Marianne Bertrand & Sendhil Mullainathan, 2004. "Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(4), pages 991-1013, September.
    12. Jennifer L. Doleac & Luke C.D. Stein, 2013. "The Visible Hand: Race and Online Market Outcomes," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 123(11), pages 469-492, November.
    13. John Yinger, 1998. "Evidence on Discrimination in Consumer Markets," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 12(2), pages 23-40, Spring.
    14. Anderson, D. Mark & Crost, Benjamin & Rees, Daniel I., 2020. "Do economic downturns fuel racial animus?," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 9-18.
    15. Revital Bar & Asaf Zussman, 2017. "Customer Discrimination: Evidence from Israel," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 35(4), pages 1031-1059.
    16. Sergio Correia & Paulo Guimarães & Tom Zylkin, 2020. "Fast Poisson estimation with high-dimensional fixed effects," Stata Journal, StataCorp LLC, vol. 20(1), pages 95-115, March.
    17. Robert Warren Anderson & Noel D. Johnson & Mark Koyama, 2017. "Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100–1800," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 127(602), pages 924-958, June.
    18. David Neumark, 2018. "Experimental Research on Labor Market Discrimination," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 56(3), pages 799-866, September.
    19. Ian Burn & Patrick Button & Luis Munguia Corella & David Neumark, 2022. "Does Ageist Language in Job Ads Predict Age Discrimination in Hiring?," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 40(3), pages 613-667.
    20. Lisa D Cook & Maggie E C Jones & Trevon D Logan & David Rosé, 2023. "The Evolution of Access to Public Accommodations in the United States," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 138(1), pages 37-102.
    21. Pierre-Philippe Combes & Bruno Decreuse & Morgane Laouénan & Alain Trannoy, 2016. "Customer Discrimination and Employment Outcomes: Theory and Evidence from the French Labor Market," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 34(1), pages 107-160.
    22. Hanson, Andrew & Hawley, Zackary & Taylor, Aryn, 2011. "Subtle discrimination in the rental housing market: Evidence from e-mail correspondence with landlords," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 20(4), pages 276-284.
    23. Moses Shayo & Asaf Zussman, 2011. "Judicial Ingroup Bias in the Shadow of Terrorism," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 126(3), pages 1447-1484.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Duhalde Juan Cruz & Gomez Gonzalez Carlos & Clochard Gwen-Jiro & Dietl Helmut, 2025. "A large-scale field experiment to disentangle sources of statistical discrimination in a social setting," Asociación Argentina de Economía Política: Working Papers 4796, Asociación Argentina de Economía Política.
    2. Elert, Niklas & Lundin, Erik, 2020. "Gender and Climate Action," Working Paper Series 1332, Research Institute of Industrial Economics, revised 18 Feb 2022.
    3. Ahmed, Ali & Hammarstedt, Mats, 2018. "Customer Discrimination in the Fast Food Market? Experimental Evidence from a Swedish University Campus," Working Paper Series 1232, Research Institute of Industrial Economics.
    4. Gomez-Gonzalez, Carlos & Clochard, Gwen-Jirō & Dietl, Helmut & Duhalde, Juan Cruz, 2026. "Migration and sources of discrimination in a social context: Experimental evidence from 15 Latin American countries," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
    5. Souleymane Mbaye, 2019. "Trois évaluations d’actions de lutte contre les discriminations," Erudite Ph.D Dissertations, Erudite, number ph19-01 edited by Pascale Petit, April.
    6. Marina Mileo Gorzig & Deborah Rho, 2022. "The effect of the 2016 United States presidential election on employment discrimination," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 35(1), pages 45-88, January.
    7. Bestenbostel, Adam & Peralta, Abigail, 2026. "WARNings – The impact of negative economic news on racial animus," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    8. Boyd-Swan, Casey & Herbst, Chris M., 2017. "Racial and Ethnic Discrimination in the Labor Market for Child Care Teachers," IZA Discussion Papers 11140, IZA Network @ LISER.
    9. John J. Donohue III, 2005. "The Law and Economics of Antidiscrimination Law," NBER Working Papers 11631, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    10. Lu, Runjing & Sheng, Sophie Yanying, 2022. "How racial animus forms and spreads: Evidence from the coronavirus pandemic," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 82-98.
    11. Kelley,Erin Munro & Lane,Gregory & Pecenco,Matthew Giovanni & Rubin,Edward, 2022. "Customer Discrimination in the Workplace: Evidence from Online Sales," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10228, The World Bank.
    12. Jesse D. Backstrom & Richard T. Woodward, 2025. "The nature of discrimination in recreation decision making," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 107(5), pages 1303-1334, October.
    13. Majid Ahmadi & Gwen-Jirō Clochard & Jeff Lachman & John A. List, 2025. "Toward an Understanding of Discrimination When Multiple Channels Exist," NBER Working Papers 33391, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    14. Johannes Buggle & Thierry Mayer & Seyhun Orcan Sakalli & Mathias Thoenig, 2023. "The Refugee’s Dilemma: Evidence from Jewish Migration out of Nazi Germany," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 138(2), pages 1273-1345.
    15. Abdulla, Kanat & Mourelatos, Evangelos, 2025. "Does war increase ethnic discrimination in the labor market? Evidence from a field experiment," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    16. Rinne, Ulf & Sonnabend, Hendrik & Wolters, Leonie, 2023. "Customer Discrimination and Ethnic Team Composition," IZA Discussion Papers 16315, IZA Network @ LISER.
    17. Michael Christian Lehmann, 2023. "Macroeconomic volatility and anti‐refugee violence in developing countries: Evidence from commodity price shocks," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27(2), pages 992-1012, May.
    18. Kuhn, Florian & Chanci, Luis, 2024. "Racial disparities in labor outcomes: The effects of hiring discrimination over the business cycle," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 801-817.
    19. Carsten Creutzburg & Wolfgang Maennig & Steffen Q. Mueller, 2026. "From bias to bliss: Racial preferences and worker productivity in tennis," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 44(2), pages 380-393, April.
    20. Lanzara, Gianandrea & Lazzaroni, Sara & Masella, Paolo & Squicciarini, Mara P., 2025. "Discrimination and assimilation: Evidence from anti-Chinese sentiments in the United States," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:coecpo:v:43:y:2025:i:2:p:226-259. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/weaaaea.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.