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Could Machine Learning be a General Purpose Technology? A Comparison of Emerging Technologies Using Data from Online Job Postings

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Subrahmanyam Aditya Karanam & Deepa Mani & Rajib L. Saha, 2025. "Growing Technological Relatedness to the ICT Industry and Its Impacts," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 36(1), pages 344-369, March.
  2. Tamay Besiroglu & Nicholas Emery-Xu & Neil Thompson, 2022. "Economic impacts of AI-augmented R&D," Papers 2212.08198, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2023.
  3. Benedetta Montanaro & Annalisa Croce & Elisa Ughetto, 2024. "Venture capital investments in artificial intelligence," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 34(1), pages 1-28, January.
  4. Ritu Agarwal & Michelle Dugas & Guodong (Gordon) Gao, 2024. "Augmenting physicians with artificial intelligence to transform healthcare: Challenges and opportunities," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 360-374, March.
  5. Torrent-Sellens, Joan, 2024. "Digital transition, data-and-tasks crowd-based economy, and the shared social progress: Unveiling a new political economy from a European perspective," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
  6. Pawel Gmyrek & Janine Berg & David Bescond, 2025. "Generative AI and Jobs: An Analysis of Potential Effects on Global Employment," Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, issue 3, pages 6-30.
  7. Joy Buchanan & Stephen Hill & Olga Shapoval, 2024. "ChatGPT Hallucinates Non-existent Citations: Evidence from Economics," The American Economist, Sage Publications, vol. 69(1), pages 80-87, March.
  8. Xu, Yanan & Sun, Yaowu & Zhou, Yiting, 2024. "Unpacking the intellectual structure and evolution trend of general-purpose technologies development in innovation studies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
  9. Thomas Hutzschenreuter & Ingo Kleindienst & Franziskus Perkhofer, 2026. "A Question of Trust: Dynamics of the Perceived Uncertainty–Trust Dilemma With Artificial Intelligence in Strategy Process Initiation," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 47(4), pages 944-961, June.
  10. Miaozhe Han & Hongchuan Shen & Jing Wu & Xiaoquan (Michael) Zhang, 2025. "Artificial Intelligence and Firm Resilience: Empirical Evidence from Natural Disaster Shocks," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 36(4), pages 2116-2133, December.
  11. Standaert, Thomas & Andries, Petra, 2026. "Overcoming difficulties in knowledge transfer: Harnessing the power of AI to drive process innovation," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
  12. Gao, Yanyan & Wan, Li, 2026. "Does artificial intelligence bind labor market power? Evidence from listed manufacturing firms in China," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
  13. A. A. Ternikov, 2023. "Artificial intelligence and the demand for skills in Russia," Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP Voprosy Ekonomiki, issue 11.
  14. Prasanna B. Tambe, 2026. "Reskilling the Workforce for AI: Domain Expertise and Algorithmic Literacy," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 72(1), pages 515-537, January.
  15. Cave, Jonathan & Waterson, Michael & Battisti, Giuliana, 2023. "Economic Impact of Significant New Deployment of Infrastructure: Historical examples and links to potential high impact outcomes for 5G," CAGE Online Working Paper Series 669, Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE).
  16. Fu, Tong & Qiu, Zhaoxuan & Yang, Xiangyang & Li, Zijun, 2024. "The impact of artificial intelligence on green technology cycles in China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
  17. Chun, Hyunbae & Shin, Donghan, 2025. "Beyond automation: The multifaceted impact of advanced digital technologies on employment dynamics," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 54(10).
  18. Lodefalk, Magnus & Engberg, Erik & Lidskog, Rolf & Tang, Aili, 2025. "Artificial Intelligence for Public Use," Working Papers 2025:6, Örebro University, School of Business.
  19. Alexandra Theben & Nia Plamenova & Ana Freire, 2025. "The “new currency of the future”: a review of literature on the skills needs of the workforce in times of accelerated digitalisation," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 75(1), pages 495-526, February.
  20. Flavio Calvino & Luca Fontanelli, 2026. "Decoding AI: an early look at how French firms use AI," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 16(1), pages 51-93, March.
  21. Liu, Yan & Wang, He, 2026. "Who on earth is using Generative AI?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
  22. Guionie, Raphael & Lemiale, Lionel & Loisel, Rodica, 2026. "Building a hydrogen economy: Does France have the industrial capacity for a low-carbon transition?," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 130-151.
  23. Damioli, Giacomo & Van Roy, Vincent & Vertesy, Daniel & Vivarelli, Marco, 2024. "Is Artificial Intelligence Generating a New Paradigm? Evidence from the Emerging Phase," IZA Discussion Papers 17183, IZA Network @ LISER.
  24. Ruyu Chen & Natarajan Balasubramanian & Chris Forman, 2024. "How does worker mobility affect business adoption of a new technology? The case of machine learning," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(8), pages 1510-1538, August.
  25. Kristina McElheran & J. Frank Li & Erik Brynjolfsson & Zachary Kroff & Emin Dinlersoz & Lucia Foster & Nikolas Zolas, 2024. "AI adoption in America: Who, what, and where," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 375-415, March.
  26. Damioli, Giacomo & Van Roy, Vincent & Vertesy, Daniel & Vivarelli, Marco, 2025. "Is artificial intelligence leading to a new technological paradigm?," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 347-359.
  27. Benjamin Laufer & Jon Kleinberg & Hoda Heidari, 2023. "Fine-Tuning Games: Bargaining and Adaptation for General-Purpose Models," Papers 2308.04399, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2024.
  28. Bahoo-Torodi, Aliasghar & Fontana, Roberto & Malerba, Franco, 2026. "Pre-entry experience and the heterogeneity in startup performance: Evidence from the nascent artificial intelligence industry," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(1).
  29. Wang, Jiajie & Cheng, Xiaoling, 2026. "AI knowledge coupling and the structural robustness of traditional industry innovation networks: The moderating roles of complementarity and substitutability," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
  30. Wu, Qinqin & Zhuang, Qinqin & Liu, Yitong & Han, Longyan, 2024. "Technology shock of ChatGPT, social attention and firm value: Evidence from China," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
  31. Guettoufi, Yacine, 2026. "Assessing the impact of artificial intelligence adoption on corporate financial performance: Evidence from emerging markets," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
  32. Matthias Niggli & Christian Rutzer, 2023. "Digital technologies, technological improvement rates, and innovations “Made in Switzerland”," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, Springer;Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics, vol. 159(1), pages 1-31, December.
  33. Sébastien Houde & Wenjun Wang, 2026. "AI Adoption and Carbon Intensity: Evidence from China," CESifo Working Paper Series 12803, CESifo.
  34. Aaron Chatterji & David Holtz & Neel Rakholia & Prasanna Tambe & Gawesha Weeratunga, 2026. "How Organizations Use AI: Evidence from ChatGPT," Papers 2608.12236, arXiv.org.
  35. Annamaria Conti & Christian Peukert & Maria Roche, 2025. "Beefing IT Up for Your Investor? Engagement with Open Source Communities, Innovation, and Startup Funding: Evidence from GitHub," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 36(4), pages 1551-1573, July.
  36. Qin Chen & Jinfeng Ge & Huaqing Xie & Xingcheng Xu & Yanqing Yang, 2023. "Large Language Models at Work in China's Labor Market," Papers 2308.08776, arXiv.org, revised May 2025.
  37. Tyna Eloundou & Sam Manning & Pamela Mishkin & Daniel Rock, 2023. "GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models," Papers 2303.10130, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2023.
  38. Heikkilä, Jussi & Rissanen, Julius & Ali-Vehmas, Timo, 2023. "Coopetition, standardization and general purpose technologies: A framework and an application," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(4).
  39. Ruiqing Cao & Abhishek Bhatia, 2025. "AI Coding Tools and Digital Entrepreneurship: The Role of Software Expertise," Papers 2511.06545, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2026.
  40. Martin Neil Baily & David M. Byrne & Aidan T. Kane & Paul E. Soto, 2026. "The Potential for Sustained Productivity Impetus from GenAI," International Productivity Monitor, Centre for the Study of Living Standards, vol. 50, pages 5-26, Spring.
  41. Ajay Agrawal & Joshua S. Gans & Avi Goldfarb, 2024. "Artificial intelligence adoption and system‐wide change," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 327-337, March.
  42. Jensen, Mathias Fjællegaard & Schneider, Cédric, 2026. "Digital skill adoption and employment dynamics: Evidence from matched vacancy-employer–employee data," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(5).
  43. Sam (Ruiqing) Cao & Marco Iansiti, 2022. "Organizational Barriers to Transforming Large Finance Corporations: Cloud Adoption and the Importance of Technological Architecture," CESifo Working Paper Series 10142, CESifo.
  44. Flavio Calvino & Luca Fontanelli, 2025. "Decoding AI: Nine facts about how firms use artificial intelligence in France," LEM Papers Series 2025/13, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
  45. Yang, Kunyu & Kuang, Jinsong, 2025. "How artificial intelligence applications enhance enterprise green total factor productivity? A perspective on human-machine matching and labor skill structure," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 926-947.
  46. Mahyar Habibi, 2025. "Open Sourcing GPTs: Economics of Open Sourcing Advanced AI Models," Papers 2501.11581, arXiv.org.
  47. Giacomo Damioli & Vincent Van Roy & Daniel Vertesy & Marco Vivarelli, 2024. "AI as a new emerging technological paradigm: evidence from global patenting," DISCE - Working Papers del Dipartimento di Politica Economica dipe0038, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimenti e Istituti di Scienze Economiche (DISCE).
  48. Charles Hoffreumon & Chris Forman & Nicolas van Zeebroeck, 2024. "Make or buy your artificial intelligence? Complementarities in technology sourcing," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 452-479, March.
  49. Bughin, Jacques, 2024. "What drives the corporate payoffs of using generative artificial intelligence?," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 658-668.
  50. Frank M. Fossen & Trevor McLemore & Alina Sorgner, 2024. "Artificial Intelligence and Entrepreneurship," Foundations and Trends(R) in Entrepreneurship, now publishers, vol. 20(8), pages 781-904, December.
  51. Kristina McElheran & Mu-Jeung Yang & Zachary Kroff & Erik Brynjolfsson, 2025. "The Rise of Industrial AI in America: Microfoundations of the Productivity J-curve(s)," Working Papers 25-27, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
  52. Besiroglu, Tamay & Emery-Xu, Nicholas & Thompson, Neil, 2024. "Economic impacts of AI-augmented R&D," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(7).
  53. Piyush Gulati & Arianna Marchetti & Victoria Sevcenko & Phanish Puranam, 2025. "How Generative AI Adoption Alters the Demand for Cognitive and Social Skills Within Roles: A Skill-Centric Analysis," Papers 2503.09212, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2026.
  54. Torrent-Sellens, Joan & Enache-Zegheru, Mihaela & Ficapal-Cusí, Pilar, 2025. "Twin transitions or a meeting of strangers? Unravelling the effects of AI and innovations on economic, social and environmental MSMEs sustainability," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
  55. Babina, Tania & Fedyk, Anastassia & He, Alex & Hodson, James, 2024. "Artificial intelligence, firm growth, and product innovation," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
  56. Soyea Lee & Junseok Hwang & Eunsang Cho, 2025. "Dynamic patterns of AI technology diffusion: focusing on time series clustering and patent analysis," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 130(4), pages 2005-2036, April.
  57. Seo, Wonchul & Afifuddin, Mokh, 2024. "Developing a supervised learning model for anticipating potential technology convergence between technology topics," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
  58. Hui Liang & Jingbo Fan & Yunhan Wang, 2025. "Artificial Intelligence, Technological Innovation, and Employment Transformation for Sustainable Development: Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-28, April.
  59. Jaehyuk Park, 2024. "Analyzing the direct role of governmental organizations in artificial intelligence innovation," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 49(2), pages 437-465, April.
  60. Chen, Qin & Ge, Jinfeng & Xie, Huaqing & Xu, Xingcheng & Yang, Yanqing, 2025. "Large language models at work in China’s labor market," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
  61. Shi, Jincheng & Jiang, Shan, 2025. "Toward open-source foundation model ecosystem: Impact evaluation framework and promotion mechanism," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
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