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Why are Buyouts Levered: The Financial Structure of Private Equity Funds

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Cited by:

  1. Mike Burkart & Amil Dasgupta, 2014. "Activist Funds, Leverage, and Procyclicality," FMG Discussion Papers dp733, Financial Markets Group.
  2. Nicodano, Giovanna & Regis, Luca, 2019. "A trade-off theory of ownership and capital structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(3), pages 715-735.
  3. Reddy, Kotapati Srinivasa, 2015. "Market for Corporate Control and Contractual Buyout (CoBO): A New “Collective Ownership-and-Administrative” Strategy," MPRA Paper 63937, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2015.
  4. Andrew Metrick, 2010. "The Economics of Private Equity Funds," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 23(6), pages 2303-2341, June.
  5. Erel, Isil & Jang, Yeejin & Minton, Bernadette A. & Weisbach, Michael S., 2021. "Corporate Liquidity, Acquisitions, and Macroeconomic Conditions," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 56(2), pages 443-474, March.
  6. Arcot, Sridhar & Fluck, Zsuzsanna & Gaspar, José-Miguel & Hege, Ulrich, 2015. "Fund managers under pressure: Rationale and determinants of secondary buyouts," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(1), pages 102-135.
  7. Ulf Axelson & Tim Jenkinson & Per Strömberg & Michael S. Weisbach, 2008. "Leverage and Pricing in Buyouts: An Empirical Analysis," OFRC Working Papers Series 2008fe20, Oxford Financial Research Centre.
  8. Ulf Axelson & Sandeep Baliga, 2009. "Liquidity and Manipulation of Executive Compensation Schemes," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(10), pages 3907-3939, October.
  9. Joseph McCahery & Erik Vermeulen, 2012. "Private equity regulation: a comparative analysis," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 16(2), pages 197-233, May.
  10. Andrew Metrick & Ayako Yasuda, 2011. "Venture Capital and Other Private Equity: a Survey," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 17(4), pages 619-654, September.
  11. Valentin Haddad & Erik Loualiche & Matthew Plosser, 2017. "Buyout Activity: The Impact of Aggregate Discount Rates," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 72(1), pages 371-414, February.
  12. Ulf Axelson & Tim Jenkinson & Per Strömberg & Michael S. Weisbach, 2013. "Borrow Cheap, Buy High? The Determinants of Leverage and Pricing in Buyouts," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 68(6), pages 2223-2267, December.
  13. Sakshi Sharma & Kunjana Malik & Manmeet Kaur & Neha Saini, 2023. "Mapping research in the field of private equity: a bibliometric analysis," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 73(1), pages 61-89, February.
  14. Jason Roderick Donaldson & Giorgia Piacentino & Anjan Thakor, 2021. "Intermediation Variety," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 76(6), pages 3103-3152, December.
  15. Ann†Kristin Achleitner & Christian Figge, 2014. "Private Equity Lemons?Evidence on Value Creation in Secondary Buyouts," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 20(2), pages 406-433, March.
  16. Steven N. Kaplan & Per Stromberg, 2009. "Leveraged Buyouts and Private Equity," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 23(1), pages 121-146, Winter.
  17. Dasgupta, Amil & Burkart, Mike, 2020. "Competition for flow and and short-termism in activism," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 106516, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  18. Degeorge, Francois & Martin, Jens & Phalippou, Ludovic, 2016. "On secondary buyouts," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(1), pages 124-145.
  19. David T. Robinson & Berk A. Sensoy, 2013. "Do Private Equity Fund Managers Earn Their Fees? Compensation, Ownership, and Cash Flow Performance," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 26(11), pages 2760-2797.
  20. Kobayashi, Mami & Osano, Hiroshi, 2011. "The new main bank system," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 25(3), pages 336-354, September.
  21. Bienz, Carsten & Thorburn, Karin S. & Walz, Uwe, 2023. "Fund ownership, wealth, and risk-taking: Evidence on private equity managers," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
  22. Inderst, Roman & Vladimirov, Vladimir, 2012. "Preserving "Debt Capacity" or "Equity Capacity": A Dynamic Theory of Security Design under Asymmetric Information," MPRA Paper 53840, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  23. Driessen, Joost & Lin, Tse-Chun & Phalippou, Ludovic, 2012. "A New Method to Estimate Risk and Return of Nontraded Assets from Cash Flows: The Case of Private Equity Funds," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 47(3), pages 511-535, June.
  24. Hellmann, Thomas & Thiele, Veikko, 2015. "Friends or foes? The interrelationship between angel and venture capital markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(3), pages 639-653.
  25. Melanie Zhang & Steven Devaney & Anupam Nanda, 2018. "Strategic Alliance and Submarket Choices of Commercial Real Estate Investors – A Multinomial Approach," ERES eres2018_210, European Real Estate Society (ERES).
  26. Dorinth van Dijk & Marc Francke & Yumei Wang, 2025. "The Dynamic Relationship between Delinquency Rates, Funding and Market Liquidity and Asset Prices in Private Commercial Real Estate Markets," Working Papers 835, DNB.
  27. Wang, Yingdi, 2012. "Secondary buyouts: Why buy and at what price?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(5), pages 1306-1325.
  28. Hyun Song Shin & Viral Acharya & Tanju Yorulmazer, 2011. "Fire Sale FDI," Korean Economic Review, Korean Economic Association, vol. 27, pages 163-202.
  29. Mohammad Abbas Rezaei, 2021. "Optimal Design of Limited Partnership Agreements," Papers 2104.07049, arXiv.org.
  30. de Zwart, G.J. & Frieser, B. & van Dijk, D.J.C., 2007. "A Recommitment Strategy for Long Term Private Equity Fund Investors," ERIM Report Series Research in Management ERS-2007-097-F&A, Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), ERIM is the joint research institute of the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University and the Erasmus School of Economics (ESE) at Erasmus University Rotterdam.
  31. Fang, Dawei, 2019. "Dry powder and short fuses: Private equity funds in emerging markets," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 48-71.
  32. Linus Siming, 2014. "Your Former Employees Matter: Private Equity Firms and Their Financial Advisors," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 18(1), pages 109-146.
  33. Yuqian Zhang, 2025. "Incentive Contract, Equity Pooling, and Optimal Securitization Design," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 46(3), pages 1558-1570, April.
  34. Cohn, Jonathan B. & Mills, Lillian F. & Towery, Erin M., 2014. "The evolution of capital structure and operating performance after leveraged buyouts: Evidence from U.S. corporate tax returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(2), pages 469-494.
  35. Guembel, Alexander & White, Lucy, 2014. "Good cop, bad cop: Complementarities between debt and equity in disciplining management," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 23(4), pages 541-569.
  36. Niklas Hüther & David T. Robinson & Sönke Sievers & Thomas Hartmann-Wendels, 2020. "Paying for Performance in Private Equity: Evidence from Venture Capital Partnerships," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 66(4), pages 1756-1782, April.
  37. Bo Liu & Yang Liu & Jinqiang Yang, 2018. "Optimal ownership structure in private equity," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 24(1), pages 113-135, January.
  38. Braun, Reiner & Engel, Nico & Hieber, Peter & Zagst, Rudi, 2011. "The risk appetite of private equity sponsors," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(5), pages 815-832.
  39. Holloway, Isaac & Lee, Hoan Soo & Shen, Tao, 2016. "Private equity firm heterogeneity and cross-border acquisitions," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 118-141.
  40. Antonio Gledson Carvalho & Humberto Gallucci Netto & Joelson Sampaio, 2014. "Private Equity e Venture Capital no Brasil: uma Análise de sua Evolução," Brazilian Review of Finance, Brazilian Society of Finance, vol. 12(4), pages 499-515.
  41. Demiroglu, Cem & James, Christopher M., 2010. "The role of private equity group reputation in LBO financing," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(2), pages 306-330, May.
  42. Cao, Xiaping & Chan, Konan & Kahle, Kathleen, 2018. "Risk and performance of bonds sponsored by private equity firms," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 41-53.
  43. Stefano Bonini, 2015. "Secondary Buyouts: Operating Performance and Investment Determinants," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 44(2), pages 431-470, June.
  44. Axelson, Ulf & Makarov, Igor, 2016. "Informational black holes in financial markets," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 118982, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  45. Yrjö Koskinen & Michael J. Rebello & Jun Wang, 2014. "Private Information and Bargaining Power in Venture Capital Financing," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 23(4), pages 743-775, December.
  46. Jean-Noël Barrot, 2017. "Investor Horizon and the Life Cycle of Innovative Firms: Evidence from Venture Capital," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 63(9), pages 3021-3043, September.
  47. Ulf Axelson & Per Strömberg & Michael S. Weisbach, 2009. "Why Are Buyouts Levered? The Financial Structure of Private Equity Funds," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 64(4), pages 1549-1582, August.
  48. Bottazzi, Laura & Da Rin, Marco & Hellmann, Thomas, 2009. "What is the role of legal systems in financial intermediation? Theory and evidence," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 18(4), pages 559-598, October.
  49. Chatterjee, Sris & Chidambaran, N.K. & Goswami, Gautam, 2016. "Security design for a non-standard IPO: The case of SPACs," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 151-178.
  50. Brindusa�Maria BUZILA (Mocanu), 2016. "The Cee Companies, Attractive Deals For Leveraged Buyout Transactions?," Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, vol. 9(9), pages 131-144, June.
  51. Bian, Yuxiang & Chen, Lin & Xiong, Xiong & Yang, Jinqiang, 2023. "Private equity valuation under time-inconsistent preferences," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
  52. Robinson, David T. & Sensoy, Berk A., 2010. "Private Equity in the 21st Century: Cash Flows, Performance, and Contract Terms from 1984-2010," Working Paper Series 2010-21, Ohio State University, Charles A. Dice Center for Research in Financial Economics.
  53. Baran, Lindsay C. & King, Tao-Hsien Dolly, 2010. "Going private transactions, bondholder returns, and wealth transfer effects," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(8), pages 1856-1872, August.
  54. Edward Stringham & Jack Vogel, 2018. "The leveraged invisible hand: how private equity enhances the market for corporate control and capitalism itself," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 46(2), pages 223-244, October.
  55. Robinson, David T. & Sensoy, Berk A., 2016. "Cyclicality, performance measurement, and cash flow liquidity in private equity," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 122(3), pages 521-543.
  56. Miguel Meuleman & Mike Wright & Sophie Manigart & Andy Lockett, 2009. "Private Equity Syndication: Agency Costs, Reputation and Collaboration," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(5-6), pages 616-644.
  57. Roman Inderst & Vladimir Vladimirov, 2019. "Growth Firms and Relationship Finance: A Capital Structure Perspective," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 65(11), pages 5411-5426, November.
  58. Malenko, Andrey & Malenko, Nadya, 2015. "A theory of LBO activity based on repeated debt-equity conflicts," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(3), pages 607-627.
  59. Dimitrova, Lora, 2017. "Perverse incentives of special purpose acquisition companies, the “poor man's private equity funds”," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(1), pages 99-120.
  60. Buchner, Axel & Wagner, Niklas F., 2017. "Rewarding risk-taking or skill? The case of private equity fund managers," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 14-32.
  61. Phalippou, Ludovic & Rauch, Christian & Umber, Marc, 2018. "Private equity portfolio company fees," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 129(3), pages 559-585.
  62. Edmans, Alex, 2011. "Short-term termination without deterring long-term investment: A theory of debt and buyouts," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(1), pages 81-101, October.
  63. Sebastian Ernst & Christian Koziol & Denis Schweizer, 2013. "Are Private Equity Investors Boon or Bane for an Economy?–A Theoretical Analysis," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 19(1), pages 180-207, January.
  64. Koufopoulos, Kostos & Kozhan, Roman & Trigilia, Giulio, 2014. "Optimal Security Design under Asymmetric Information and Profit Manipulation," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 1050, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
  65. Burkart, Mike & Lee, Samuel & Petri, Henrik, 2020. "The Social Value of Debt in the Market for Corporate Control," CEPR Discussion Papers 15249, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  66. Maiia Sleptcova & Heidi Falkenbach, 2021. "Managerial Skill and European PERE Fund Performance," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 62(4), pages 665-690, May.
  67. Sharjil M. Haque, 2023. "Does Private Equity Over-Lever Portfolio Companies?," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2023-009, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
  68. Sheridan Titman, 2017. "Does Ownership Structure Matter?," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 23(3), pages 357-375, June.
  69. Paulo P. Alves & M. Ricardo Cunha & Luís K. Pacheco & João M. Pinto, 2022. "How Banks Price Loans for LBOs: an Empirical Analysis of Spread Determinants ," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 62(3), pages 163-200, December.
  70. Morten Sorensen & Neng Wang & Jinqiang Yang, 2014. "Valuing Private Equity," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 27(7), pages 1977-2021.
  71. Viral V. Acharya & Oliver F. Gottschalg & Moritz Hahn & Conor Kehoe, 2013. "Corporate Governance and Value Creation: Evidence from Private Equity," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 26(2), pages 368-402.
  72. Fedyk, Yuriy & Walden, Johan, 2007. "High-Speed Natural Selection in Financial Markets with Large State Spaces," SIFR Research Report Series 52, Institute for Financial Research.
  73. Gregory, David, 2013. "Private equity and financial stability," Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, Bank of England, vol. 53(1), pages 38-47.
  74. Alexander Ljungqvist & Matthew Richardson & Daniel Wolfenzon, 2020. "The investment behavior of buyout funds: Theory and evidence," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 49(1), pages 3-32, March.
  75. Lahr, Henry & Kaserer, Christoph, 2009. "Net asset value discounts in listed private equity funds," CEFS Working Paper Series 2009-12, Technische Universität München (TUM), Center for Entrepreneurial and Financial Studies (CEFS).
  76. Koufopoulos, Kostas & Kozhan, Roman & Trigilia, Giulio, 2014. "Optimal Security Design under Asymmetric Information and Profit Manipulation," Economic Research Papers 270233, University of Warwick - Department of Economics.
  77. Abhishek Bhardwaj & Abhinav Gupta & Sabrina T. Howell, 2025. "Leveraged Payouts: How Using New Debt to Pay Returns in Private Equity Affects Firms, Employees, Creditors, and Investors," Working Papers 25-12, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
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