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The determinants of commercial banking profitability in low-, middle-, and high-income countries

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  1. Bobbo Amadou & Hamed Salim Yazid, 2023. "Determinants of Islamic banking performance in OIC member countries," Working Papers 23/058, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS).
  2. Souad Hammami & Mongi Lassoued & Ahmed Berteji, 2018. "The Tunisian Banks Performance," Noble International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, Noble Academic Publsiher, vol. 3(1), pages 1-19, January.
  3. Faozi A Almaqtari & Najib H S Farhan & Hamood Mohammed Al-Hattami & Tamer Elsheikh, 2022. "The moderation role of board independence change in the relationship between board characteristics, related party transactions, and financial performance," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(12), pages 1-38, December.
  4. Rubén Chavarín, 2020. "Risk governance, banks affiliated to business groups, and foreign ownership," Risk Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 22(1), pages 1-37, March.
  5. Le Ngoc Thuy Trang & Do Thi Thanh Nhan & Nguyen Thi Nhu Hao & Wing-Keung Wong, 2021. "Does Bank Liquidity Risk Lead To Bank'S Operational Efficiency? A Study In Vietnam," Advances in Decision Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan, vol. 25(4), pages 46-88, December.
  6. Boungou, Whelsy & Hubert, Paul, 2021. "The channels of banks’ response to negative interest rates," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
  7. Duan, Ying & Niu, Jijun, 2020. "Liquidity creation and bank profitability," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
  8. Buu Kiem Dang & Duc Toan Vo & Nguyen Tuyet Minh Ha, 2025. "The impact of economic uncertainty and institutional quality on bank profitability: global evidence," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 22(3), pages 1-29, July.
  9. Shradha Jain & Ashish Kumar & R.K. Mittal, 2025. "Explanatory Factors of Indian Private Banks' Profitability: A Panel Data Approach," Economic Alternatives, University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria, issue 2, pages 404-419, June.
  10. Protap Kumar Ghosh & Fakarudin Kamarudin & Saira Kharuddin, 2026. "Country’s regulatory system and non-performing loans: moderating effect of country’s income level," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 59(2), pages 1-27, April.
  11. Soon Suk Yoon & Hongbok Lee & Ingyu Oh, 2023. "Differential Impact of Fintech and GDP on Bank Performance: Global Evidence," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-17, June.
  12. Christian Haddad & Lars Hornuf, 2021. "The Impact of Fintech Startups on Financial Institutions' Performance and Default Risk," CESifo Working Paper Series 9050, CESifo.
  13. Changjun Zheng & Md Ataur Rahman & Shahadat Hossain & Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq, 2023. "Does Fintech-Driven Inclusive Finance Induce Bank Profitability? Empirical Evidence from Developing Countries," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-28, October.
  14. Laila Al-Harthy & Revenio Jalagat, Jr. & Karima Sayari, 2021. "Determinants of bank profitability during oil price decline: Evidence from selected banks in Oman," International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), Center for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, vol. 10(8), pages 200-217, December.
  15. Olszak, Małgorzata & Kowalska, Iwona, 2023. "Do competition and market structure affect sensitivity of bank profitability to the business cycle?," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
  16. Khodor Trad, 2023. "Banking Competition, Efficiency and Stability in the MENA Region," International Business Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 16(9), pages 1-50, September.
  17. Leandro Coghi Bernardelli & Carlos Enrique Carrasco-Gutierrez, 2024. "Macroeconomic, industry-specific and bank-specific determinants of the profitability of Brazilian banks: dynamic panel evidence," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 67(2), pages 693-726, August.
  18. Florin Blaga & Bogdan Andrei Dumitrescu & Ioana Duca & Ionel Leonida & Dalia Poleac, 2024. "Analyzing the Determinants of Banking Profitability in European Commercial Banks: Do COVID-19 Economic Support Measures Matter?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-16, August.
  19. Köster, Hannes & Pelster, Matthias, 2017. "Financial penalties and bank performance," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 57-73.
  20. Simone Rossi & Mariarosa Borroni & Andrea Lippi & Mariacristina Piva, 2018. "Determinants of Bank Profitability in the Euro Area: What Has Changed During the Recent Financial Crisis?," International Business Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 11(5), pages 18-27, May.
  21. Abdul Latif Alhassan & Michael Lawer Tetteh & Freeman Owusu Brobbey, 2016. "Market power, efficiency and bank profitability: evidence from Ghana," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 49(1), pages 71-93, February.
  22. Caby, Jérôme & Ziane, Ydriss & Lamarque, Eric, 2022. "The impact of climate change management on banks profitability," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 412-422.
  23. Violeta Domanovic & Violeta Todorovic & Sladjana Savovic, 2018. "Internal factors of bank profitability in the Republic of Serbia," Business and Economic Horizons (BEH), Prague Development Center, vol. 14(3), pages 659-673, June.
  24. Evgenii Zimin & Maria Semenova, 2022. "Profitability And Bank De-Branching In The Digital Age: Evidence From Russian Regions," HSE Working papers WP BRP 90/FE/2022, National Research University Higher School of Economics.
  25. Aslam Mahmud, 2020. "Bank-specific and Macroeconomic Determinants of Profitability: Evidence from Conventional Private Commercial Banks Listed on Dhaka Stock Exchange," International Journal of Science and Business, IJSAB International, vol. 4(10), pages 99-107.
  26. Maria Elisabete Duarte Neves & Maria Do Castelo Gouveia & Catarina Alexandra Neves Proença, 2020. "European Bank’s Performance and Efficiency," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-17, April.
  27. Kanga, Désiré & Murinde, Victor & Soumaré, Issouf, 2020. "Capital, risk and profitability of WAEMU banks: Does bank ownership matter?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
  28. Jakob Lichtner, Marcus Riekeberg, Friedrich Thie?en, Thomas Maurer, 2018. "Evaluation of Banks' Interest Rate Risk: An Alternative Approach," Applied Economics and Finance, Redfame publishing, vol. 5(6), pages 111-125, November.
  29. Tekalign Negash Kebede, 2025. "Unveiling the drivers of bank profitability: insights from Ethiopian banks," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 12(1), pages 1-16, December.
  30. Agnieszka Wojcik-Mazur, 2017. "Effect of Structural Liquidity on Profitability of Polish Commercial Banks in 2009–2016," Problemy Zarzadzania, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Management, vol. 15(66), pages 53-63.
  31. Beccalli, Elena & Frantz, Pascal & Lenoci, Francesca, 2018. "Hidden effects of bank recapitalizations," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 297-314.
  32. Isaac Otchere & Zia Mohammed & Witness Simbanegavi, 2025. "Fintech and financial system stability in South Africa," Working Papers 11082, South African Reserve Bank.
  33. Martins, António Miguel & Serra, Ana Paula & Stevenson, Simon, 2019. "Determinants of real estate bank profitability," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 282-300.
  34. Ignacio Ibarra López & Juan Antonio Tapia Cortés, 2022. "El uso de productos financieros en la demanda de seguros en México," Remef - Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas Nueva Época REMEF (The Mexican Journal of Economics and Finance), Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas, IMEF, vol. 17(3), pages 1-26, Julio - S.
  35. Ozcan Is k & Merve Kosaroglu & Ayhan Demirci, 2018. "The Impact of Size and Growth Decisions on Turkish Banks' Profitability," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 8(1), pages 21-29.
  36. Sreemanta Sarkar & Debdas Rakshit, 2023. "Factors Influencing the Performance of Commercial Banks: A Dynamic Panel Study on India," FIIB Business Review, , vol. 12(1), pages 85-99, March.
  37. Chavarín, Rubén, 2015. "Determinants of commercial bank profitability in Mexico," MPRA Paper 70106, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  38. Veronika Belousova & Alexander Karminsky & Ilya Kozyr, 2018. "The macroeconomic and institutional determinants of the profit efficiency frontier for Russian banks," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 49, pages 91-114.
  39. Elfeituri, Hatem, 2022. "Banking stability, institutional quality, market concentration, competition and political conflict in MENA," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
  40. Marc Blatter & Andreas Fuster, 2022. "Scale effects on efficiency and profitability in the Swiss banking sector," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, Springer;Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics, vol. 158(1), pages 1-24, December.
  41. Béchir Ben Lahouel & Lotfi Taleb & Younes Ben Zaied & Shunsuke Managi, 2024. "Financial stability, liquidity risk and income diversification: evidence from European banks using the CAMELS–DEA approach," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 334(1), pages 391-422, March.
  42. Ghosh, Amit, 2020. "Discerning the impact of disaggregated non-interest income activities on bank risk and profits in the post-Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act era," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
  43. Burkhard Raunig & Michael Sigmund, 2022. "The ECB Single Supervisory Mechanism: Effects on Bank Performance and Capital Requirements (Burkhard Raunig, Michael Sigmund)," Working Papers 244, Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Austrian Central Bank).
  44. Md. Abul Kalam Azad & Susila Munisamy & Abdul Kadar Muhammad Masum & Paolo Saona & Peter Wanke, 2017. "Bank efficiency in Malaysia: a use of malmquist meta-frontier analysis," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 7(2), pages 287-311, August.
  45. Ines Abdelkafi & Sahar Loukil & YossraBen Romdhane, 2023. "Economic Uncertainty During COVID-19 Pandemic in Latin America and Asia," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 14(2), pages 1582-1601, June.
  46. Oyebola Fatima Etudaiye-Muhtar & Rubi Ahmad & Taiwo Azeez Olaniyi & Bilqees Ayoola Abdulmumin, 2017. "Financial Market Development and Bank Capitalization Ratio," Paradigm, , vol. 21(2), pages 126-138, December.
  47. Nnane Eric Sumelong. & Nwahanye Emmanuel (PhD). & Visemih William Muffee, 2024. "Understanding the Drivers of Bank Lending of the Banking Sector in the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC) Zone," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 8(7), pages 2044-2057, July.
  48. Peter Nderitu GITHAIGA, 2019. "Income Diversification, Market Power and Performance," Journal of Economics and Financial Analysis, Tripal Publishing House, vol. 3(2), pages 1-21.
  49. Adalessossi, Kokou, 2023. "Impact of E-Banking on the Islamic bank profitability in Sub-Saharan Africa: What are the financial determinants?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
  50. Heri Sudarsono & Fiqih Afriadi & Siti Aisiyah Suciningtias, 2021. "Do stability and size affect the profitability of Islamic rural bank in Indonesia?," Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, Faculty of Economics, Universitas Islam Indonesia, vol. 7(2), pages 161-174.
  51. Srivastava, Nikhil & Tripe, David & Yuen, Mui Kuen, 2023. "Healthcare expenditure and bank deposits," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PC).
  52. Unal, Huseyin & Masih, Mansur, 2017. "Discerning causal relationship between operational cost and bank profit for commercial banks: Turkish evidence with ARDL approach," MPRA Paper 86391, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  53. Nicholas Ngepah & Margarida Liandra Andrade da Silva & Charles Shaaba Saba, 2022. "The Impact of Commodity Price Shocks on Banking System Stability in Developing Countries," Economies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-23, April.
  54. Mosab I. Tabash & Eissa A. Al-Homaidi & Anwar Ahmad & Najib H.S. Farhan, 2020. "Factors affecting financial performance of Indian firms: an empirical investigation of firms listed on Bombay Stock Exchange," International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 13(2), pages 152-172.
  55. Duong Thuy Phan & Trong Tai Nguyen & Thi Thanh Hoang, 2022. "Impact of income diversification on the business performance of Vietnamese commercial banks," Cogent Business & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 9(1), pages 2132592-213, December.
  56. Tu D. Q. Le & Dat T. Nguyen, 2020. "Capital Structure and Bank Profitability in Vietnam: A Quantile Regression Approach," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-17, August.
  57. Goodhope Hance Mkaro & Lin Sea Lau & Chee Keong Choong, 2023. "The determinants of banking sector performance in Tanzania: A pre-post Treasury Single Account analysis," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(2), pages 2282812-228, October.
  58. Mariarosa Borroni & Mariacristina Piva & Simone Rossi, 2016. "Determinants of Bank Profitability in the Euro Area: Has Anything Changed?," DISCE - Quaderni del Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Sociali dises1619, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimenti e Istituti di Scienze Economiche (DISCE).
  59. Beccalli, Elena & Frantz, Pascal & Lenoci, Francesca, 2018. "Hidden effects of bank recapitalizations," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 89252, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  60. Huynh, Japan & Dang, Van Dan, 2022. "Exploring the asymmetric effects of loan portfolio diversification on bank profitability," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 26(C).
  61. US Thathsarani & Jianguo Wei & GRSRC Samaraweera, 2021. "Financial Inclusion’s Role in Economic Growth and Human Capital in South Asia: An Econometric Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-18, April.
  62. Elisa Di Febo & Eliana Angelini, 2022. "Internet banking, age, gender, and performance: Which connections in Italy?," Bank i Kredyt, Narodowy Bank Polski, vol. 53(3), pages 295-324.
  63. Richard Oduro, 2024. "Impact of recapitalisation and dividend payout policies on financial sustainability of rural and community banks in Ghana," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 10(1), pages 1-18, December.
  64. Kuessi, Richard & Nantob, N'Yilimon & Aguey, Segnon & Couchoro, Mawuli Kodjovi, 2023. "Competition and banking efficiency in the WAEMU: The role of multinationals and institutions," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 45-62.
  65. Adedeji Daniel GBADEBO, 2026. "Regulatory Pressure, Financial Soundness, and Bank Performance in Emerging Economies: Panel Evidence from Nigerian Deposit Money Banks Under Regulatory Oversight," CECCAR Business Review, Body of Expert and Licensed Accountants of Romania (CECCAR), vol. 7(2), pages 64-80, February.
  66. Julius Yaw Asamoah & Linda Owusu-Agyei, 2020. "The Impact of ICT on Financial Sector Policy Reforms in Post-Financial crisis era in Ghana: An institutional theory perspective," International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies, Center for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, vol. 9(2), pages 82-100, April.
  67. Anyars Mahmud, 2022. "Impact of Bank Regulations on Banks' Profitability: Cross-Country Evidence," European Journal of Business Science and Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Business and Economics, vol. 8(2), pages 217-232.
  68. Houda Litimi & Ahmed BenSaïda & Mohamed Mahees Raheem, 2024. "Impact of FinTech Growth on Bank Performance in GCC Region," Journal of Emerging Market Finance, Institute for Financial Management and Research, vol. 23(2), pages 227-245, June.
  69. Osoro, Jared & Cheruiyot, Kiplangat Josea, 2024. "Fiscal and monetary policy interaction during economic shocks: A wedge or bridge for bank profitability?," KBA Centre for Research on Financial Markets and Policy Working Paper Series 76, Kenya Bankers Association (KBA).
  70. Badarau, Cristina & Lapteacru, Ion, 2020. "Bank risk, competition and bank connectedness with firms: A literature review," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
  71. Van Thi Hong Pham, 2025. "Profitable Investment Channels of Vietnamese Commercial Banks (2018–2024)," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-14, March.
  72. Yanikkaya, Halit & Gumus, Nihat & Pabuccu, Yasar Ugur, 2018. "How profitability differs between conventional and Islamic banks: A dynamic panel data approach," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 99-111.
  73. FIRTESCU BOGDAN & Angela ROMAN, 2015. "Internal And External Determinants Of Commercial Banks Profitability: Empirical Evidence From Bulgaria And Romania," Annals of Faculty of Economics, University of Oradea, Faculty of Economics, vol. 1(1), pages 896-904, July.
  74. Nazish Iftikhar & Nadeem Iqbal & Hasan Hanif, 2021. "The Nexus among Competition, Risk and Performance in Banking Sector of Saudi Arabia," Journal of Economic Impact, Science Impact Publishers, vol. 3(3), pages 196-201.
  75. Cemil ÇİFTÇİ & Dilek DURUSU-ÇİFTÇİ, 2019. "Determinants of Bank Profitability after Transition to the Strong Economy Program in Turkey," Sosyoekonomi Journal, Sosyoekonomi Society.
  76. Ahmad Sahyouni & Man Wang, 2019. "Liquidity Creation and Bank Performance of Syrian Banks before and during the Syrian War," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 7(3), pages 1-17, July.
  77. Kumar, Vijay & Thrikawala, Sujani & Acharya, Sanjeev, 2022. "Financial inclusion and bank profitability: Evidence from a developed market," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
  78. Boahen, Eric O. & Mamatzakis, Emmanuel C., 2021. "What are the effects of culture and institutions on classification shifting in India?," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
  79. Phan, Dinh Hoang Bach & Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Rahman, R. Eki & Hutabarat, Akhis R., 2020. "Do financial technology firms influence bank performance?," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
  80. Cuadros-Solas, Pedro J. & Cubillas, Elena & Salvador, Carlos, 2023. "Does alternative digital lending affect bank performance? Cross-country and bank-level evidence," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
  81. Chatura Ariyadasa & E. A. Selvanathan & M. A. B. Siddique & Saroja Selvanathan, 2017. "On the profitability of commercial banks: the Sri Lankan case," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(21), pages 2106-2116, May.
  82. Ma³gorzata Olszak & Iwona Kowalska, 2021. "Do competition and market structure matter for sensitivity of bank profitability to business cycle?," Faculty of Management Working Paper Series 12021, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Management.
  83. Eissa A. Al-Homaidi & Najib H.S. Farhan & Waleed M. Alahdal & Amgad S.D. Khaled & Moatasem M. Qaid, 2021. "Factors affecting the profitability of Indian listed firms: a panel data approach," International Journal of Business Excellence, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 23(1), pages 1-17.
  84. Vijay Kumar & Sanjeev Acharya & Ly T. H. Ho, 2020. "Does Monetary Policy Influence the Profitability of Banks in New Zealand?," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-17, June.
  85. Michael Adusei & Caroline Elliott, 2015. "Bank profitability: Insights from the rural banking industry in Ghana," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 3(1), pages 1078270-107, December.
  86. Belousova, V. & Kozyr, I., 2016. "How Do Macroeconomic Indicators Influence Banking Profitability in Russia?," Journal of the New Economic Association, New Economic Association, vol. 30(2), pages 77-103.
  87. Saif-Alyousfi, Abdulazeez Y.H. & Saha, Asish, 2021. "Do tourism receipts affect bank profitability? Analytical evidence from 85 tourism economies," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
  88. Wang, Wei & Huang, Jun & Wang, Haibo & Alidaee, Bahram, 2022. "Internal and external analysis of community banks' performance," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
  89. Eissa A. Al-Homaidi & Mosab I. Tabash & Najib H. S. Farhan & Faozi A. Almaqtari, 2018. "Bank-specific and macro-economic determinants of profitability of Indian commercial banks: A panel data approach," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 6(1), pages 1548072-154, January.
  90. James Dominic & Anto Joseph & Garima Sisodia, 2023. "The Role of the Banking Sector in Economic Resurgence and Resilience: Evidence from Pacific Island Countries," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 24(1), pages 9-30, December.
  91. Mimouni, Karim & Smaoui, Houcem & Temimi, Akram & Al-Azzam, Moh'd, 2019. "The impact of Sukuk on the performance of conventional and Islamic banks," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 42-54.
  92. Salleh, Maisyarah & Possumah, Bayu Taufiq & Ahmat, Nizam, 2018. "Net Profit Margin Determinants of Islamic Subsidiaries of Conventional Banks in Malaysia," Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, vol. 52(2), pages 163-173.
  93. Ashraf, Badar Nadeem, 2018. "Do trade and financial openness matter for financial development? Bank-level evidence from emerging market economies," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 434-458.
  94. Tan, Yong, 2017. "The impacts of competition and shadow banking on profitability: Evidence from the Chinese banking industry," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 89-106.
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