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The M3 competition: Statistical tests of the results

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Li, Li & Kang, Yanfei & Li, Feng, 2023. "Bayesian forecast combination using time-varying features," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 1287-1302.
  2. Chiew, Ernest & Choong, Shin Siang, 2022. "A solution for M5 Forecasting - Uncertainty: Hybrid gradient boosting and autoregressive recurrent neural network for quantile estimation," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 1442-1447.
  3. Ulrich, Matthias & Jahnke, Hermann & Langrock, Roland & Pesch, Robert & Senge, Robin, 2022. "Classification-based model selection in retail demand forecasting," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 209-223.
  4. Vuong, Van-Dai & Nguyen, Luong-Ha & Goulet, James-A., 2025. "Coupling LSTM neural networks and state-space models through analytically tractable inference," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 128-140.
  5. Kathryn S Taylor & James W Taylor, 2022. "Interval forecasts of weekly incident and cumulative COVID-19 mortality in the United States: A comparison of combining methods," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(3), pages 1-25, March.
  6. Fotios Petropoulos & Enno Siemsen, 2023. "Forecast Selection and Representativeness," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(5), pages 2672-2690, May.
  7. Girolimetto, Daniele & Athanasopoulos, George & Di Fonzo, Tommaso & Hyndman, Rob J., 2024. "Cross-temporal probabilistic forecast reconciliation: Methodological and practical issues," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 40(3), pages 1134-1151.
  8. Franses, Ph.H.B.F., 2009. "Forecasting Sales," Econometric Institute Research Papers EI 2009-29, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Economics (ESE), Econometric Institute.
  9. Svetunkov, Ivan & Chen, Huijing & Boylan, John E., 2023. "A new taxonomy for vector exponential smoothing and its application to seasonal time series," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 304(3), pages 964-980.
  10. Willem P Sijp & Anastasios Panagiotelis, 2024. "Estimating granular house price distributions in the Australian market using Gaussian mixtures," Papers 2404.05178, arXiv.org.
  11. Schaer, Oliver & Kourentzes, Nikolaos & Fildes, Robert, 2019. "Demand forecasting with user-generated online information," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 197-212.
  12. Petropoulos, Fotios & Spiliotis, Evangelos & Panagiotelis, Anastasios, 2023. "Model combinations through revised base rates," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 1477-1492.
  13. Franses,Philip Hans & Dijk,Dick van & Opschoor,Anne, 2014. "Time Series Models for Business and Economic Forecasting," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521520911, Enero-Abr.
  14. Yelland, Phillip M., 2010. "Bayesian forecasting of parts demand," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 374-396, April.
  15. Gorr, Wilpen L. & Schneider, Matthew J., 2013. "Large-change forecast accuracy: Reanalysis of M3-Competition data using receiver operating characteristic analysis," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 274-281.
  16. Petropoulos, Fotios & Apiletti, Daniele & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios & Babai, Mohamed Zied & Barrow, Devon K. & Ben Taieb, Souhaib & Bergmeir, Christoph & Bessa, Ricardo J. & Bijak, Jakub & Boylan, Joh, 2022. "Forecasting: theory and practice," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 705-871.
    • Fotios Petropoulos & Daniele Apiletti & Vassilios Assimakopoulos & Mohamed Zied Babai & Devon K. Barrow & Souhaib Ben Taieb & Christoph Bergmeir & Ricardo J. Bessa & Jakub Bijak & John E. Boylan & Jet, 2020. "Forecasting: theory and practice," Papers 2012.03854, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2022.
  17. Jeon, Jooyoung & Panagiotelis, Anastasios & Petropoulos, Fotios, 2019. "Probabilistic forecast reconciliation with applications to wind power and electric load," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 279(2), pages 364-379.
  18. Ortega, Luz C. & Otero, Luis Daniel & Solomon, Mitchell & Otero, Carlos E. & Fabregas, Aldo, 2023. "Deep learning models for visibility forecasting using climatological data," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 992-1004.
  19. Kourentzes, Nikolaos & Petropoulos, Fotios & Trapero, Juan R., 2014. "Improving forecasting by estimating time series structural components across multiple frequencies," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 291-302.
  20. Wang, Xiaoqian & Kang, Yanfei & Hyndman, Rob J. & Li, Feng, 2023. "Distributed ARIMA models for ultra-long time series," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 1163-1184.
  21. Daniele Girolimetto & Tommaso Di Fonzo, 2024. "Point and probabilistic forecast reconciliation for general linearly constrained multiple time series," Statistical Methods & Applications, Springer;Società Italiana di Statistica, vol. 33(2), pages 581-607, April.
  22. Sbrana, Giacomo & Silvestrini, Andrea, 2025. "The structural Theta method and its predictive performance in the M4-Competition," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 41(3), pages 940-952.
  23. Bergmeir, Christoph & Hyndman, Rob J. & Benítez, José M., 2016. "Bagging exponential smoothing methods using STL decomposition and Box–Cox transformation," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 303-312.
  24. Ord, Keith, 2007. "Comments on "significance tests harm progress in forecasting"," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 23(2), pages 331-332.
  25. Ma, Shaohui & Fildes, Robert, 2021. "Retail sales forecasting with meta-learning," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 288(1), pages 111-128.
  26. Villegas, Marco A. & Pedregal, Diego J., 2019. "Automatic selection of unobserved components models for supply chain forecasting," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 157-169.
  27. Taylor, James W. & Taylor, Kathryn S., 2023. "Combining probabilistic forecasts of COVID-19 mortality in the United States," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 304(1), pages 25-41.
  28. Spiliotis, Evangelos & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios & Makridakis, Spyros, 2020. "Generalizing the Theta method for automatic forecasting," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 284(2), pages 550-558.
  29. Tuominen, Jalmari & Pulkkinen, Eetu & Peltonen, Jaakko & Kanniainen, Juho & Oksala, Niku & Palomäki, Ari & Roine, Antti, 2024. "Forecasting emergency department occupancy with advanced machine learning models and multivariable input," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 40(4), pages 1410-1420.
  30. Fiorucci, Jose A. & Pellegrini, Tiago R. & Louzada, Francisco & Petropoulos, Fotios & Koehler, Anne B., 2016. "Models for optimising the theta method and their relationship to state space models," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 1151-1161.
  31. Di Fonzo, Tommaso & Girolimetto, Daniele, 2024. "Forecast combination-based forecast reconciliation: Insights and extensions," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 40(2), pages 490-514.
  32. Spiliotis, Evangelos & Makridakis, Spyros & Kaltsounis, Anastasios & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios, 2021. "Product sales probabilistic forecasting: An empirical evaluation using the M5 competition data," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
  33. Makridakis, Spyros & Spiliotis, Evangelos & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios, 2020. "The M4 Competition: 100,000 time series and 61 forecasting methods," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 54-74.
  34. Davide Provenzano & Serena Volo, 2022. "Tourism recovery amid COVID-19: The case of Lombardy, Italy," Tourism Economics, , vol. 28(1), pages 110-130, February.
  35. Eren Bas & Erol Egrioglu & Ufuk Yolcu, 2021. "Bootstrapped Holt Method with Autoregressive Coefficients Based on Harmony Search Algorithm," Forecasting, MDPI, vol. 3(4), pages 1-11, November.
  36. Armstrong, J. Scott, 2007. "Significance tests harm progress in forecasting," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 23(2), pages 321-327.
  37. Kang, Yanfei & Spiliotis, Evangelos & Petropoulos, Fotios & Athiniotis, Nikolaos & Li, Feng & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios, 2021. "Déjà vu: A data-centric forecasting approach through time series cross-similarity," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 719-731.
  38. Van Belle, Jente & Crevits, Ruben & Verbeke, Wouter, 2023. "Improving forecast stability using deep learning," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 1333-1350.
  39. Yusupova, Alisa & Pavlidis, Nicos G. & Pavlidis, Efthymios G., 2023. "Dynamic linear models with adaptive discounting," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(4), pages 1925-1944.
  40. Chelsey Hill & James Li & Matthew J. Schneider & Martin T. Wells, 2021. "The tensor auto‐regressive model," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(4), pages 636-652, July.
  41. Rombouts, Jeroen & Ternes, Marie & Wilms, Ines, 2025. "Cross-temporal forecast reconciliation at digital platforms with machine learning," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 321-344.
  42. Bruzda, Joanna, 2019. "Quantile smoothing in supply chain and logistics forecasting," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 122-139.
  43. Petropoulos, Fotios & Wang, Xun & Disney, Stephen M., 2019. "The inventory performance of forecasting methods: Evidence from the M3 competition data," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 251-265.
  44. Crone, Sven F. & Hibon, Michèle & Nikolopoulos, Konstantinos, 2011. "Advances in forecasting with neural networks? Empirical evidence from the NN3 competition on time series prediction," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 635-660, July.
  45. Kourentzes, Nikolaos & Barrow, Devon & Petropoulos, Fotios, 2019. "Another look at forecast selection and combination: Evidence from forecast pooling," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 226-235.
  46. Evangelos Spiliotis & Spyros Makridakis & Artemios-Anargyros Semenoglou & Vassilios Assimakopoulos, 2022. "Comparison of statistical and machine learning methods for daily SKU demand forecasting," Operational Research, Springer, vol. 22(3), pages 3037-3061, July.
  47. Kang, Yanfei & Cao, Wei & Petropoulos, Fotios & Li, Feng, 2022. "Forecast with forecasts: Diversity matters," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 301(1), pages 180-190.
  48. Meira, Erick & Cyrino Oliveira, Fernando Luiz & Jeon, Jooyoung, 2021. "Treating and Pruning: New approaches to forecasting model selection and combination using prediction intervals," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 547-568.
  49. Kourentzes, Nikolaos, 2014. "On intermittent demand model optimisation and selection," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 180-190.
  50. Robert R. Andrawis & Amir F. Atiya, 2009. "A new Bayesian formulation for Holt's exponential smoothing," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(3), pages 218-234.
  51. Zhang, Bohan & Panagiotelis, Anastasios & Kang, Yanfei, 2024. "Discrete forecast reconciliation," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 318(1), pages 143-153.
  52. Makridakis, Spyros & Spiliotis, Evangelos & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios & Chen, Zhi & Gaba, Anil & Tsetlin, Ilia & Winkler, Robert L., 2022. "The M5 uncertainty competition: Results, findings and conclusions," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 1365-1385.
  53. Meira, Erick & Cyrino Oliveira, Fernando Luiz & de Menezes, Lilian M., 2022. "Forecasting natural gas consumption using Bagging and modified regularization techniques," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
  54. Jennifer L. Castle & Jurgen A. Doornik & David F. Hendry, 2021. "Forecasting Principles from Experience with Forecasting Competitions," Forecasting, MDPI, vol. 3(1), pages 1-28, February.
  55. Chan, Chi Kin & Witt, Stephen F. & Lee, Y.C.E. & Song, H., 2010. "Tourism forecast combination using the CUSUM technique," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(6), pages 891-897.
  56. Makridakis, Spyros & Spiliotis, Evangelos & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios, 2022. "M5 accuracy competition: Results, findings, and conclusions," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 1346-1364.
  57. Shovon Sengupta & Tanujit Chakraborty & Sunny Kumar Singh, 2023. "Forecasting CPI inflation under economic policy and geopolitical uncertainties," Papers 2401.00249, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2024.
  58. Di Fonzo, Tommaso & Girolimetto, Daniele, 2023. "Cross-temporal forecast reconciliation: Optimal combination method and heuristic alternatives," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 39-57.
  59. Sarmas, Elissaios & Spiliotis, Evangelos & Stamatopoulos, Efstathios & Marinakis, Vangelis & Doukas, Haris, 2023. "Short-term photovoltaic power forecasting using meta-learning and numerical weather prediction independent Long Short-Term Memory models," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
  60. Hyndman, Rob J. & Koehler, Anne B., 2006. "Another look at measures of forecast accuracy," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 22(4), pages 679-688.
  61. Sbrana, Giacomo & Silvestrini, Andrea, 2025. "The structural Theta method and its predictive performance in the M4-Competition," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 41(3), pages 940-952.
  62. Ma, Shaohui & Fildes, Robert, 2020. "Forecasting third-party mobile payments with implications for customer flow prediction," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 739-760.
  63. Stekler, H.O., 2007. "Significance tests harm progress in forecasting: Comment," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 23(2), pages 329-330.
  64. Ye, Lili & Xie, Naiming & Boylan, John E. & Shang, Zhongju, 2024. "Forecasting seasonal demand for retail: A Fourier time-varying grey model," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 40(4), pages 1467-1485.
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