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Tropenwaldmanagement: Ein Balanceakt zwischen Schutz und Raubbau

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  • Thiele, Rainer
  • Wiebelt, Manfred

Abstract

Gegenwärtig ist eine exzessive Inanspruchnahme der Tropenwälder durch die Land- und Forstwirtschaft zu beobachten, die auf eine Kombination aus Marktversagen und Politikversagen zurückzuführen ist. Dadurch werden wichtige ökologische Funktionen der Tropenwälder gefährdet. So beherbergen die tropischen Wälder mehr als 50 vH aller bekannten Tier- und Pflanzenarten, und die Tropenwaldrodung ist zu etwa 20 vH an den weltweiten CO2- Emissionen beteiligt. i Das Marktversagen auf lokaler Ebene läßt sich zu einem erheblichen Teil durch Reformen der Eigentumsrechte korrigieren. Beispielsweise müßte sich die Konzessionsdauer für den Holzeinschlag stärker an der Regenerationszeit der Baumbestände orientieren, um ein Eigeninteresse der Konzessionäre an einer nachhaltigeren Forstwirtschaft zu wecken. Ver- - bleibende Verzerrungen können durch Preisanreize, wie z.B. Ressourcennutzungssteuern, oder die Festlegung von Nutzungsobergrenzen beseitigt werden. , Dabei sind jedoch zumindest kurzfristig gesamtwirtschaftliche Verluste unvermeidbar, weil sich die ökologischen Effekte einer eingeschränkten Tropenwaldnutzung erst langfristig auch in ökonomischen Größen wie der Bodenproduktivität niederschlagen. Zu diesen Verlusten muß es dagegen nicht kommen, wenn das in fast allen Tropenländern anzutreffende Politikversagen im Tropenwaldmanagement beseitigt wird. Prominente Beispiele für Staatseingriffe, die den Raubbau durch Land- und Forstwirtschaft begünstigen und gleichzeitig der Volkswirtschaft schaden, sind die weit verbreiteten Exportrestriktionen für unverarbeitetes Tropenholz und die staatlich geförderte Ansiedlung von Landwirten in den Tropenwaldregionen Brasiliens und Indonesiens. , Allgemeine wirtschaftspolitische Reformen, wie z.B. die Liberalisierung der Agrarmärkte und der Abbau von Handelsbeschränkungen, können mit einer stärkeren Tropenwaldnutzung einhergehen, als es dauerhaft tragbar ist. Dies bedeutet jedoch nicht, daß auf derartige Reformen verzichtet werden sollte. Den möglichen negativen Folgen für die Umwelt sollten die Tropenländer mit den mikroökonomischen Maßnahmen begegnen, die an der Korrektur des lokalen Markt- und Politikversagens ansetzen. . Aktivitäten zur Vermeidung globalen Marktversagens müssen von den Industrieländern ausgehen. Zur Unterstützung lokaler Schutzmaßnahmen für den Tropenwald und als Kompensation für die Bereitstellung der globalen Umweltgüter „Klimaschutz" und „Artenvielfalt" sind Kompensationszahlungen oder Realtransfers sinnvoll, die eine Beteiligung der Industrieländer an den Kosten des Tropenwaldschutzes bewirken. Maßnahmen, die am Holzhandel oder dem Abbau der Auslandsverschuldung ansetzen, können dagegen die globalen Funktionen der Wälder nicht hinreichend schützen, da die wichtigsten Ursachen der Regenwaldvernichtung nicht berücksichtigt werden.

Suggested Citation

  • Thiele, Rainer & Wiebelt, Manfred, 1996. "Tropenwaldmanagement: Ein Balanceakt zwischen Schutz und Raubbau," Kiel Discussion Papers 282, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:ifwkdp:282
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    References listed on IDEAS

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