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Diffusion of Clean Technologies: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Future Challenges

Author

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  • Eugenie Dugoua
  • Joelle Noailly

Abstract

This paper examines the patterns and mechanisms of global clean technology diffusion over the last two decades. We document four stylized facts: uneven sectoral progress favoring power and light transport; China’s dominance in innovation and manufacturing; the role of modularity in driving cost declines; and limited adoption in developing economies. Through case studies of solar, electric vehicles, and hydrogen, we analyze how policy and infrastructure enable scale. Finally, we assess emerging challenges for the next phase of diffusion, including critical mineral constraints, artificial intelligence, and geopolitical fragmentation.

Suggested Citation

  • Eugenie Dugoua & Joelle Noailly, 2026. "Diffusion of Clean Technologies: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Future Challenges," WIPO Economic Research Working Papers 95, World Intellectual Property Organization - Economics and Statistics Division.
    • Handle: RePEc:wip:wpaper:95
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    File URL: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-econstat-wp-95-en-diffusion-of-clean-technologies-patterns-mechanisms-and-future-challenges.pdf
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • O33 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
    • Q55 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environmental Economics: Technological Innovation
    • O25 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Development Planning and Policy - - - Industrial Policy

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