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The Quest for Pension Reform: Poland's Security though Diversity

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  • Marek Gora
  • Michael Rutkowski

Abstract

All over the world, pension systems have financing difficulties that need to be addressed. There are three ways of dealing with pension systems problems, namely subsidisation, rationalisation and reforming. Opposite to the first two, the latter one means a deep change of system fundamentals. The new system is a way of income allocation over life cycle. The system is entirely based on individual accounts. Individuals have two accounts each. At the day of retirement amounts accumulated in each of the accounts are annualised. Pensions depend on two factors: (a) accumulated capital, and (b) age of retirement. Such old-age pension system provides its participants with high security thanks to diversification of risk between two markets, namely the labour market and the capital market, and full link between contributions and benefits. Minimum guarantee is financed by the state budget. The new system is less exposed to typical problems of that markets. Additionally, it is more resistant to political pressures. Additionally, the new system is expected to create the following externalities: change of savings structure in favour of long term savings, less incentive for early retirement, and less incentive for hiding income. The old Polish old-age system was terminated on 31 December 1998 - a new one called "Security through Diversity" was introduced on 1 January 1999. The new system covers people up to 50. The most important feature of the new system is its separation within social security. In particular, a separate contribution is paid for old-age. One part (5/8) of that contribution goes to a notional defined contribution 1st pillar individual account, the other part (3/8) goes to fully funded 2nd pillar individual account. Both elements of the system work along defined contribution regime. People between 30 and 50 have an option to pay entire contribution to 1st pillar individual account, people below 30 have their old age contributions automatically divided between the accounts.

Suggested Citation

  • Marek Gora & Michael Rutkowski, 2000. "The Quest for Pension Reform: Poland's Security though Diversity," William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series 286, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan.
    • Handle: RePEc:wdi:papers:2000-286
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Whitehouse, Edward, 1999. "The tax treatment of funded pensions," MPRA Paper 14173, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Robert Holzmann, 1997. "Fiscal Alternatives of Moving from Unfunded to Funded Pensions," OECD Development Centre Working Papers 126, OECD Publishing.
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    7. Palacios, Robert & Rocha, Roberto, 1998. "The Hungarian pension system in transition," Social Protection Discussion Papers and Notes 20048, The World Bank.
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    Cited by:

    1. Barr, Nicholas, 2002. "Reforming pensions: myths, truths, and policy choices," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 286, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    2. Disney, Richard & Whitehouse, Edward, 1999. "Pension plans and retirement incentives," Social Protection Discussion Papers and Notes 20851, The World Bank.
    3. Robert Holzmann & Richard Hinz, 2005. "Old Age Income Support in the 21st century: An International Perspective on Pension Systems and Reform," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 7336.
    4. Marek Góra, 2003. "Reintroducing Intergenerational Equilibrium: Key Concepts behind the New Polish Pension System," William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series 2003-574, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan.
    5. Krzysztof Kompa & Dorota Witkowska, 2014. "Pension Funds in Poland: Efficiency Analysis for Years 1999-2013," Dynamic Econometric Models, Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, vol. 14, pages 105-124.
    6. Whitehouse, Edward, 1999. "The tax treatment of funded pensions," Social Protection Discussion Papers and Notes 20126, The World Bank.
    7. Richard Disney & Robert Palacios & Edward Whitehouse, 1999. "Individual choice of pension arrangement as a pension reform strategy," IFS Working Papers W99/18, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
    8. Grimmeisen, Simone, 2004. "Path dependence and path departure: Analysing the first decade of post-communist pension policy in Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic," Working papers of the ZeS 01/2004, University of Bremen, Centre for Social Policy Research (ZeS).
    9. Börsch-Supan, Axel, 2003. "What are NDC Pension Systems? What Do They Bring to Reform Strategies?," MEA discussion paper series 03042, Munich Center for the Economics of Aging (MEA) at the Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy.
    10. Palmer, Edward, 2001. "The New Swedish Pension System," Discussion Paper 36, Center for Intergenerational Studies, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
    11. Velculescu, Delia, 2011. "Private Pension Systems in Emerging Europe: The Uncertain Road Ahead," MPRA Paper 88969, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2011.
    12. Góra, Marek, 2003. "The New Polish Pension System: An Example of a Non-orthodox Approach to Pension Reform," Discussion Paper 168, Center for Intergenerational Studies, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.

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    Keywords

    old-age pensions; individual accounts; defined contribution; income allocation;
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