The Double Burden of Female Protracted Displacement : Survey Evidence on Gendered Livelihoods in ElFasher, Darfur

During protracted displacement, women and girls often face serious gender-specific challenges andvulnerabilities, including adverse norms and institutional barriers. Yet, quantitative evidence on gendered drivers anddifferentials during protracted displacement remains scarce. Using survey data from 18,533 displaced and non-displacedindividuals in El Fasher, Sudan, this paper documents that livelihood outcomes are significantly shaped by strong andcomplex intersectionality between long-term displacement and gender. Being female and being a long-term displaced personhave separate negative impacts on work and welfare. Therefore, being a long-term displaced woman is particularlychallenging: internally displaced women work more than non–internally displaced women but are poorer, on average.For men, there is no such difference in employment between the internally displaced and non–internally displaced. Theseoutcomes are the result of the ‘double burden of female displacement’: women are disadvantaged by norms andinstitutions both at their destination (due to being a displaced person) and their place of origin (due to theirgender). The double burden is strongest for older displaced women. In contrast, protracted displacement can be anopportunity for younger displaced women. Future policies should address the challenges stemming from theintersectionality of gender and displacement and develop targeted programs.