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Regional Integration in South Asia : Implications for Green Growth, Female Labor Force Participation, and the Gender Wage Gap

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  • Mani,Muthukumara S.
  • Gopalakrishnan,Badri Narayanan
  • Wadhwa,Deepika

Abstract

The study aims to provide insights to policy makers in measuring the impact of trade liberalization and regional integration measures on gender employment and wages. The study incorporates gender-differentiated employment and wages for selected South Asian economies across sectors to identify targeted value chains and economic activities, particularly among green trade sectors. This is the first major attempt to develop a gender-differentiated data set for South Asian countries, within the widely used Global Trade Analysis Project framework, to examine the nexus between trade, green economy, and gender. Two illustrative scenarios are examined. The first scenario examines a complete tariff elimination among the Bhutan-Bangladesh-India-Nepal grouping of countries in all sectors. The second scenario involves complete tariff elimination among countries in South Asia. The results indicate that a free trade agreement signed by all countries is likely to be more beneficial compared with only some countries signing the free trade agreement. Women's employment grows faster than men's employment, as most of the sectors that benefit due to these free trade agreements are women intensive. Growth in women's employment and wages in South Asia is consistent with growth in green sectors.

Suggested Citation

  • Mani,Muthukumara S. & Gopalakrishnan,Badri Narayanan & Wadhwa,Deepika, 2020. "Regional Integration in South Asia : Implications for Green Growth, Female Labor Force Participation, and the Gender Wage Gap," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9119, The World Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9119
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. repec:ilo:ilowps:483489 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Remco H. Oostendorp, 2009. "Globalization and the Gender Wage Gap," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 23(1), pages 141-161, January.
    4. Rahman, Rushidan I. & Islam, Rizwanul., 2013. "Female labour force participation in Bangladesh : trends, drivers and barriers," ILO Working Papers 994834893402676, International Labour Organization.
    5. Sanjay Kathuria, 2018. "A Glass Half Full," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 30246, December.
    6. World Bank, 2012. "World Development Report 2012 [Rapport sur le développement dans le monde 2012]," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 4391, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Aqib, Muhammad & Zaman, Khalid, 2023. "Greening the Workforce: The Power of Investing in Human Capital," MPRA Paper 116263, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 05 Feb 2023.
    2. Muhammad Qahraman Kakar, 2021. "Ethnic Disparities, Women Education and Empowerment in South Asia," Erudite Ph.D Dissertations, Erudite, number ph21-01 edited by Manon Domingues Dos Santos, February.
    3. Wenwu Zhang & Jiayin Wang & Xi Ou, 2024. "Trade liberalization, city size, and urban wage premium: evidence from China’s city and individual micro-data," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-11, December.
    4. Faik Bilgili & Masreka Khan & Ashar Awan, 2023. "Is there a gender dimension of the environmental Kuznets curve? Evidence from Asian countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(3), pages 2387-2418, March.

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