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La globalisation financière en crise

Author

Listed:
  • Catherine Mathieu

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

  • Henri Sterdyniak

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

Abstract

Le capitalisme financier est entré dans une crise profonde en 2007. Cette crise, d’abord bancaire et localisée dans le marché du crédit immobilier américain, est rapidement devenu mondiale, financière et réelle. Elle a remis en cause la forte croissance dont bénéficiait l’économie mondiale depuis 1995. L’article décrit l’ampleur de la globalisation financière et les déséquilibres qu’elle a générés. La crise s’explique d’abord par des déséquilibres macroéconomiques. C’est une crise des stratégies nationales de pression sur les salaires, qu’elles soient compensées par des gains de compétitivité (Chine, Allemagne) ou par le développement de la financiarisation, qui permet d’impulser la consommation des ménages, grâce à la bulle financière et par l’endettement (comme dans les pays anglo-saxons). La globalisation financière permet l’accumulation de déséquilibres qui finissent par exploser (comme le montre la polarisation des soldes extérieurs) ; elle se caractérise par l’instabilité des marchés (comme l’illustre le cas du marché des changes). La crise s’explique ensuite par l’hypertrophie du secteur financier, l’avidité des détenteurs de capitaux et l’aventurisme des institutions financières. De masses énormes de capitaux sont à la recherche d’une rentabilité maximale ; les gestionnaires ne peuvent l’assurer que temporairement par la création de bulles financières qui s’effondrent périodiquement. La crise de 2007-2008 apparaît comme un révélateur : elle montre la faillite des mathématiques financières qui étaient censées permettre d’optimiser les rentabilités, de réduire et de distribuer les risques. Elle met en évidence la stratégie aventureuse des banques qui contournaient les ratios prudentiels et intervenaient massivement sur les marchés financiers. L’article se conclut par une discussion critique des projets de réformes du fonctionnement de l’économie mondiale, en particulier ceux que les sommets du G20 ont esquissés. Ceux-ci devraient concerner tant les stratégies macroéconomiques nationales que la gouvernance de l’économie mondiale et celles des banques et des marchés financiers.

Suggested Citation

  • Catherine Mathieu & Henri Sterdyniak, 2009. "La globalisation financière en crise," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/5l6uh8ogmqi, Sciences Po.
  • Handle: RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/5l6uh8ogmqildh09h84aj549j
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Emmanuel Farhi & Ricardo Caballero & Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, "undated". "Financial Crash, Commodity Prices and Global Imbalances," Working Paper 20933, Harvard University OpenScholar.
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    8. Gary Gorton, 2009. "The Subprime Panic," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 15(1), pages 10-46, January.
    9. Ricardo J. Caballero & Emmanuel Farhi & Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, 2008. "Financial Crash, Commody Prices, and Global Inbalances," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 39(2 (Fall)), pages 1-68.
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    11. Gary Gorton, 2009. "The Subprime Panic," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 15(1), pages 10-46, January.
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