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Distributional,National,Accounts: Methods,and,Estimates,for,the,United,States

Author

Listed:
  • Thomas Piketty

    (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, WIL - World Inequality Lab, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement)

  • Emmanuel Saez

    (UC Berkeley - University of California [Berkeley] - UC - University of California)

  • Gabriel Zucman

    (LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science)

Abstract

This paper combines tax, survey, and national accounts data to estimate the distribution of nationalincome in the United States since 1913. Our distributional national accounts capture 100% of nationalincome, allowing us to compute growth rates for each quantile of the income distribution consistentwith macroeconomic growth. We estimate the distribution of both pre-tax and post-tax income, makingit possible to provide a comprehensive view of how government redistribution affects inequality. Averagepre-tax national income per adult has increased 60% since 1980, but we find that it has stagnated forthe bottom 50% of the distribution at about $16,000 a year. The pre-tax income of the middle class—adultsbetween the median and the 90th percentile—has grown 40% since 1980, faster than what tax andsurvey data suggest, due in particular to the rise of tax-exempt fringe benefits. Income has boomedat the top: in 1980, top 1% adults earned on average 27 times more than bottom 50% adults, whilethey earn 81 times more today. The upsurge of top incomes was first a labor income phenomenonbut has mostly been a capital income phenomenon since 2000. The government has offset only a smallfraction of the increase in inequality. The reduction of the gender gap in earnings has mitigated theincrease in inequality among adults. The share of women, however, falls steeply as one moves up thelabor income distribution, and is only 11% in the top 0.1% today.

Suggested Citation

  • Thomas Piketty & Emmanuel Saez & Gabriel Zucman, 2017. "Distributional,National,Accounts: Methods,and,Estimates,for,the,United,States," Working Papers halshs-02784725, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02784725
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    DINA; Distributional National Accounts; inequality; methodology; income; wealth; national accounts; fiscal income; inequality measurement; United States;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E01 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General - - - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts
    • H2 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
    • H5 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
    • J3 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

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