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La stratégie environnementale de l'Union européenne

Author

Listed:
  • Eloi Laurent

    (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po)

  • Jean-Paul Fitoussi

    (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po)

  • Jacques Le Cacheux

    (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po)

Abstract

L'économie de l'environnement entremêle les questions économiques et d'économie politique les plus complexes en théorie et les plus retorses en pratique : la justice entre les générations, la production et la préservation des biens publics, la gestion des externalités au niveau national et international, la cohérence temporelle des politiques publiques ou encore l'action collective globale et régionale. Supposer un arbitrage entre croissance économique et préservation des ressources naturelles, est une façon naïve de poser le problème, lorsque l'on sait que, pour l'essentiel, les outils ont été inventés par l'homme pour transformer la nature. Les véritables arbitrages portent sur les différents modes de développement durable et les moyens pratiques de les mettre en oeuvre. La politique environnementale est en effet un art d'exécution : tout est affaire de moyens et de méthodes dès lors que les fins font, sur l'essentiel, l'objet d'un consensus. Ainsi, les États européens sont-ils parvenus à s'accorder sans trop de mal en mars 2007, sous la vigoureuse impulsion de la Présidence allemande, sur l'objectif de réduire unilatéralement de 20 % d'ici à 2020 leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre par rapport au niveau de 1990. Mais le problème demeure entier : comment ? Comment faire pour que le projet d'une Europe durable ne devienne pas " un agenda de Lisbonne " bis, une immense ambition aux moyens minuscules ? L'analyse économique passe en plein milieu du problème environnemental ainsi défini : elle ne peut guère se prononcer, en amont, sur la validité du consensus scientifique qui s'est construit sur le changement climatique et encore moins, en aval, sur les qualités technologiques respectives des méthodes de limitation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Elle peut en revanche offrir son expertise à la fois sur la pertinence des modèles utilisés pour calculer les effets de moyen et long terme du changement climatique sur les modes de vie et trancher le problème de l'efficacité potentielle des systèmes d'incitation envisagés pour atteindre des objectifs environnementaux donnés. La contribution de cet article porte sur ce dernier point. Nous tentons de répondre à la question suivante : l'Union européenne dispose-t-elle du meilleur système institutionnel pour mener à bien sa stratégie environnementale ? Après avoir montré pourquoi tel n'est pas le cas, nous proposons de l'améliorer en instituant une Communauté européenne de l'environnement, de l'énergie et de la recherche dont nous détaillons les objectifs et les instruments.

Suggested Citation

  • Eloi Laurent & Jean-Paul Fitoussi & Jacques Le Cacheux, 2007. "La stratégie environnementale de l'Union européenne," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-00972702, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:spmain:hal-00972702
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00972702
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    2. Éloi Laurent & Jacques Le Cacheux, 2008. "Présidence française de l'Union européenne : priorité à la lutte contre le changement climatique," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 0(3), pages 5-28.
    3. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/6147 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/9824 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Delacote, Philippe & Montagné-Huck, Claire, 2012. "Political consumerism and public policy: Good complements against market failures?," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 188-193.
    6. repec:hal:wpspec:info:hdl:2441/6147 is not listed on IDEAS

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • F59 - International Economics - - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy - - - Other
    • O52 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Europe
    • Q48 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Government Policy
    • Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming
    • Q58 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environmental Economics: Government Policy

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