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El Coste de la Vivienda y la Pobreza Oculta en España: 2014 - 2025

Author

Listed:
  • J. Ignacio Conde-Ruiz
  • Álvaro Pinto

Abstract

Este documento analiza cómo la vivienda modifica la medición del bienestar en España entre 2014 y 2025 a partir de los microdatos de la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida (ECV) y de ocho métricas alternativas de pobreza. El punto de partida es una aparente paradoja: la renta agregada mejora, pero cada vez más personas viven en el régimen de tenencia más costoso y con menor capacidad amortiguadora, el alquiler de mercado, cuyo peso pasa del 12,1% al 17,4%. Incorporar la vivienda no revierte la evolución favorable registrada durante el periodo, pero sí altera sustancialmente el diagnóstico y, sobre todo, quién aparece como pobre. En 2025, descontar de la renta el coste de acceder a la vivienda eleva la tasa de pobreza del 19,5% al 23,5% y revela a 1,95 millones de pobres ocultos: personas que solo caen por debajo del umbral después de pagar la vivienda. Esta pobreza se concentra extraordinariamente en el alquiler de mercado: uno de cada cuatro inquilinos inicialmente no pobres cruza el umbral tras pagar el alquiler y este régimen reúne el 72,5% del total. El efecto es, además, mayor sobre la profundidad y severidad de la pobreza que sobre su incidencia. En sentido contrario, reconocer mediante el alquiler imputado la ventaja residencial de quienes no pagan un alquiler de mercado hace salir de la pobreza monetaria a 3,38 millones de personas, principalmente propietarios de mayor edad sin hipoteca. Finalmente, las métricas que descuentan costes de vivienda muestran una mayor correspondencia con la privación material observada, especialmente entre quienes afrontan un alquiler, incluso tras controlar por características sociodemográficas y territoriales. En conjunto, la evidencia muestra que la renta disponible por sí sola deja fuera una dimensión relevante de la vulnerabilidad económica y apunta a incorporar de forma más explícita la vivienda en el diseño de las políticas de garantía de ingresos.

Suggested Citation

  • J. Ignacio Conde-Ruiz & Álvaro Pinto, 2026. "El Coste de la Vivienda y la Pobreza Oculta en España: 2014 - 2025," Studies on the Spanish Economy eee2026-28, FEDEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:fda:fdaeee:eee2026-28
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