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FDI, gravity, and aggregation: revisiting the distance elasticity with sector-level FDI data

Author

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  • Wacker, Konstantin M.
  • Rebmann, Nicola

Abstract

This paper re-examines foreign direct investment motives in the ‘FDI gravity’ model (Kleinert and Toubal, 2010), focusing on the role of distance. More precisely, we investigate whether aggregate and pooled gravity models for FDI obscure relevant heterogeneities across sectors. This is possible through the novel MREID dataset, which provides us with FDI data at the 2-digit NAICS level for 184 countries over the period 2010 to 2020. Our results reveal that aggregate and pooled models mask significant sector heterogeneities in two aspects: (i) in the importance of horizontal versus vertical FDI motives, and (ii) in the distance elasticity. Distance is negatively correlated with FDI on an aggregate level, which is robust to multiple econometric specifications, but exhibits significant sector heterogeneity. Our analysis suggests the presence of complex sector-specific components that cannot easily be explained with standard economic rationales. JEL Classification: F21, F23, C33

Suggested Citation

  • Wacker, Konstantin M. & Rebmann, Nicola, 2026. "FDI, gravity, and aggregation: revisiting the distance elasticity with sector-level FDI data," Working Paper Series 3245, European Central Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20263245
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    JEL classification:

    • F21 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
    • F23 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Multinational Firms; International Business
    • C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models

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