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Cars and the City: An Investigation of Transportation and Residential Location Choices in New York City

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  • Salon, Deborah

Abstract

This dissertation is an exploration of the relationship between the transportation-land use system in New York City and the transportation and residential location choices made by New Yorkers. The focus is on understanding these location and travel choices made by urbanites. Specifically, this research uses discrete choice models to identify and quantify the effects of the variables that factor into New Yorkers' decisions about where to live, whether to own a car, and how to get around in their daily lives. These models, along with GIS technology, are used to answer the following questions: 1. How far off are the results of models that do not take all three of these decisions as endogenous? 2. In a densely populated urban environment, what are the policy-sensitive factors that determine whether households own cars and how often walking is the mode of choice? 3. How does the relative importance of these factors change across different neighborhoods within the city? 4. How much of the relationship between land use patterns and travel behavior is due to the indirect effects of neighborhood and car ownership choice, and how large is the direct effect of land use patterns on travel behavior? Results indicate that the choices of residential location and commute mode are closely related; models of only commute mode choice produce biased results. Models that do not take the choice of car ownership as endogenous in New York do not appear to be severely biased. Full models of the three choices indicate that the most important policy- sensitive factors influencing car ownership and mode choice are commute cost, commute time, and population density. A set of spatial scenario analyses illustrate that the importance of these factors does indeed vary across neighborhoods within the city. Finally, a methodology is developed to separate the direct effect of land use patterns on travel behavior from the indirect effects. The example used here identifies the direct and indirect effects of population density on the propensity to walk, finding that approximately half of the total effect is direct.

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  • Salon, Deborah, 2006. "Cars and the City: An Investigation of Transportation and Residential Location Choices in New York City," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt1br223vz, University of California Transportation Center.
    • Handle: RePEc:cdl:uctcwp:qt1br223vz
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    1. Mokhtarian, Patricia L. & Cao, Xinyu, 2008. "Examining the impacts of residential self-selection on travel behavior: A focus on methodologies," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 42(3), pages 204-228, March.
    2. Xinyu (Jason) Cao & Patricia L. Mokhtarian & Susan L. Handy, 2008. "Examining the Impacts of Residential Self‐Selection on Travel Behaviour: A Focus on Empirical Findings," Transport Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(3), pages 359-395, October.
    3. Xinyu Cao & Yingling Fan, 2012. "Exploring the Influences of Density on Travel Behavior Using Propensity Score Matching," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 39(3), pages 459-470, June.
    4. Reid Ewing & Harry W. Richardson & Keith Bartholomew & Arthur C. Nelson & Chang-Hee Christine Bae, 2014. "Compactness vs. Sprawl Revisited: Converging Views," CESifo Working Paper Series 4571, CESifo.
    5. Reid Ewing & Guang Tian & JP Goates & Ming Zhang & Michael J Greenwald & Alex Joyce & John Kircher & William Greene, 2015. "Varying influences of the built environment on household travel in 15 diverse regions of the United States," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 52(13), pages 2330-2348, October.
    6. Xinyu (Jason) Cao, 2010. "Exploring Causal Effects of Neighborhood Type on Walking Behavior Using Stratification on the Propensity Score," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 42(2), pages 487-504, February.
    7. Xinyu (Jason) Cao, 2009. "Disentangling the influence of neighborhood type and self-selection on driving behavior: an application of sample selection model," Transportation, Springer, vol. 36(2), pages 207-222, March.
    8. Pinjari, Abdul Rawoof & Bhat, Chandra R. & Hensher, David A., 2009. "Residential self-selection effects in an activity time-use behavior model," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 43(7), pages 729-748, August.
    9. Reid Ewing & Shima Hamidi & James B Grace, 2016. "Compact development and VMT—Environmental determinism, self-selection, or some of both?," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 43(4), pages 737-755, July.
    10. Cao, Xinyu (Jason) & Xu, Zhiyi & Fan, Yingling, 2010. "Exploring the connections among residential location, self-selection, and driving: Propensity score matching with multiple treatments," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 44(10), pages 797-805, December.
    11. Le Vine, Scott & Lee-Gosselin, Martin & Sivakumar, Aruna & Polak, John, 2013. "A new concept of accessibility to personal activities: development of theory and application to an empirical study of mobility resource holdings," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 1-10.
    12. Cao, Xinyu & Mokhtarian, Patricia & Handy, Susan, 2008. "Examining The Impacts of Residential Self-Selection on Travel Behavior: Methodologies and Empirical Findings," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt08x1k476, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    13. Jia Guo & Tao Feng & Harry J. P. Timmermans, 2020. "Modeling co-dependent choice of workplace, residence and commuting mode using an error component mixed logit model," Transportation, Springer, vol. 47(2), pages 911-933, April.
    14. Rachel Weinberger & Frank Goetzke, 2010. "Unpacking Preference: How Previous Experience Affects Auto Ownership in the United States," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 47(10), pages 2111-2128, September.
    15. Ottelin, Juudit & Heinonen, Jukka & Junnila, Seppo, 2014. "Greenhouse gas emissions from flying can offset the gain from reduced driving in dense urban areas," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 1-9.
    16. Abdul Pinjari & Ram Pendyala & Chandra Bhat & Paul Waddell, 2011. "Modeling the choice continuum: an integrated model of residential location, auto ownership, bicycle ownership, and commute tour mode choice decisions," Transportation, Springer, vol. 38(6), pages 933-958, November.

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