Particulates Matter: Policy Failures, Air Pollution, and Collective Political Participation in the United States

Addressing policy failures such as crime, violence, and vulnerability to natural disasters often requires broad-based political participation. Prior research suggests policy failures themselves mobilize individuals to engage in politics, yet questions remain about how policy failures affect participation in the aggregate. While policy failures may make individuals more likely to participate, they also may undermine the collective action necessary to influence policy. We investigate the relationship between policy failures and aggregate-level political participation using the case of air pollution, a global threat to public well-being. Our research design leverages variation in particulate matter 2.5 dispersed by wind to estimate the effect of air pollution on county-level political participation in the United States. Our results show that air pollution undermines participation, likely because its health effects weaken individual and collective capacities for mobilization. Policy failures can be self-reinforcing—by undermining the prospects for mass mobilization, pollution may beget more pollution.