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Spain: From Immigration To Emigration?

Author

Listed:
  • Mario Izquierdo

    (Banco de España)

  • Juan F. Jimeno

    (Banco de España)

  • Aitor Lacuesta

    (Banco de España)

Abstract

Since the start of the Great Recession the unemployment rate in Spain has risen by almost 18 percentage points. The unemployment crisis is affecting all population groups, including the more highly educated; but it is even more acute for the foreign population, whose unemployment rate is close to 40%. This situation follows a period of very high immigration flows (1995-2007) that set the number of foreigners living in Spain at 11% of the population. This paper documents the characteristics of recent migration flows to Spain and compares how foreign and Spanish nationals are moving abroad and across Spanish regions in response to the unemployment crisis. Building on this comparison, we shed some light on the selection of migrants by educational level and offer conjecture as to the implications of the migration outflows observed in recent years.

Suggested Citation

  • Mario Izquierdo & Juan F. Jimeno & Aitor Lacuesta, 2015. "Spain: From Immigration To Emigration?," Working Papers 1503, Banco de España.
    • Handle: RePEc:bde:wpaper:1503
    as

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    File URL: http://www.bde.es/f/webbde/SES/Secciones/Publicaciones/PublicacionesSeriadas/DocumentosTrabajo/15/Fich/dt1503e.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    5. Michel Beine & Pauline Bourgeon & Jean‐Charles Bricongne, 2019. "Aggregate Fluctuations and International Migration," Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 121(1), pages 117-152, January.
    6. Christian Dustmann & Yoram Weiss, 2007. "Return Migration: Theory and Empirical Evidence from the UK," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, vol. 45(2), pages 236-256, June.
    7. Bertoli, S. & Fernández-Huertas Moraga, J. & Ortega, F., 2013. "Crossing the border: Self-selection, earnings and individual migration decisions," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 75-91.
    8. Grogger, Jeffrey & Hanson, Gordon H., 2011. "Income maximization and the selection and sorting of international migrants," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(1), pages 42-57, May.
    9. Antolin, Pablo & Bover, Olympia, 1997. "Regional Migration in Spain: The Effect of Personal Characteristics and of Unemployment, Wage and House Price Differentials Using Pooled Cross-Sections," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 59(2), pages 215-235, May.
    10. Christian Dustmann & Yoram Weiss, 2007. "Return Migration: Theory and Empirical Evidence," RF Berlin - CReAM Discussion Paper Series 0702, Rockwool Foundation Berlin (RF Berlin) - Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Cristina Bellés‐Obrero & Sergi Jiménez‐Martín & Judit Vall‐Castello, 2016. "Bad Times, Slimmer Children?," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(S2), pages 93-112, November.
    2. Danielly Sorato & Martin Lundsteen & Carme Colominas Ventura & Diana Zavala-Rojas, 2024. "Using word embeddings for immigrant and refugee stereotype quantification in a diachronic and multilingual setting," Journal of Computational Social Science, Springer, vol. 7(1), pages 469-521, April.
    3. Fabiano Schivardi & Tom Schmitz, 2020. "The IT Revolution and Southern Europe’s Two Lost Decades [Lack of Selection and Limits to Delegation: Firm Dynamics in Developing Countries]," Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 18(5), pages 2441-2486.
    4. Chassamboulli, Andri & Fontaine, Idriss & Gálvez-Iniesta, Ismael & Gomes, Pedro, 2024. "Immigration and labour market flows," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    5. Cámara, Angeles & Medina, Ana, 2021. "Measuring the economic impact of immigrant workers exit from Madrid region labor market," INVESTIGACIONES REGIONALES - Journal of REGIONAL RESEARCH, Asociación Española de Ciencia Regional, issue 49, pages 65-88.
    6. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/5e7470pjqo8p98ghofg166s7u2 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. Leandro Prados de la Escosura & Joan R. Rosés, 2021. "Accounting For Growth: Spain, 1850–2019," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(3), pages 804-832, July.
    8. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/5e7470pjqo8p98ghofg166s7u2 is not listed on IDEAS
    9. María Delgado Gómez-Flors & Maite Alguacil, 2018. "The Impact of Immigrant Diversity on Wages. The Spanish Experience," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-29, September.
    10. Hélène Périvier, 2018. "Recession, Austerity and Gender: A Comparison of Eight European Labour Markets," Post-Print hal-03458445, HAL.
    11. Lucy Qian Liu, 2018. "Regional Labor Mobility in Spain," IMF Working Papers 2018/282, International Monetary Fund.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    migration inflows and outflows; unemployment; educational selection of migrants.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F22 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - International Migration
    • J64 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
    • J61 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers

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