Making intellectual property rights work for climate technology transfer and innovation in developing countries

This study investigates the controversial role of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in climate technology transfer and innovation in developing countries. Using a systematic literature review and expert interviews, we assess the role of IPRs on three sources of climate technology: (1) international technology transfer, (2) adaptive innovation, and (3) indigenous innovation. Our contributions are threefold. First, patents have limited impact in any of these channels, suggesting that current debates over IPRs may be directed towards the wrong targets. Second, trademarks and utility models provide incentives for climate innovation in the countries studied. Third, drawing from the results, we develop a framework to guide policy on how IPRs can work better in the broader context of climate and trade policies, outlining distinct mechanisms to support mitigation and adaptation. Our results indicate that market mechanisms, especially trade and demand-pull policies, should be prioritised for mitigation solutions. Adaptation differs, relying more on indigenous innovation due to local needs and low demand. Institutional mechanisms, such as finance and co-development, should be prioritised to build innovation capacities for adaptation.