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Inequality of Opportunity in the Labor Market for Higher Education Graduates in Egypt and Jordan

In: The Middle East Economies in Times of Transition

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  • Caroline Krafft
  • Ragui Assaad

Abstract

In a well-functioning labor market, outcomes differ across individuals because of the quality of their human capital and level of skill, as well as the work effort they expend. Likewise, when the education system is functioning well, the human capital and skills individuals accumulate should reflect differences in their effort in school. Therefore, in a country with both a well-functioning education system and a well-functioning labor market, labor market outcomes will reflect individual effort, some of which is embodied in human capital and skills. However, the labor market could fail to properly allocate or reward human capital and skills, but instead allocate human capital and rewards on the basis of individuals’ circumstances, such as their social class, their gender or where they live. While unequal outcomes related to effort are morally justifiable, unequal allocations on the basis of circumstances outside of individuals’ control are morally unjustifiable, and can be termed inequality of opportunity (Roemer 1998). Inequality of opportunity also offends people’s sense of fairness, leading to anger and frustration among those who are aggrieved, thus threatening social cohesion, reducing trust in public institutions and undermining political stability.

Suggested Citation

  • Caroline Krafft & Ragui Assaad, 2016. "Inequality of Opportunity in the Labor Market for Higher Education Graduates in Egypt and Jordan," International Economic Association Series, in: Ishac Diwan & Ahmed Galal (ed.), The Middle East Economies in Times of Transition, chapter 5, pages 159-185, Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:intecp:978-1-137-52977-0_6
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-137-52977-0_6
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    Cited by:

    1. Mesbah Fathy Sharaf & Ahmed Shoukry Rashad & Elhussien Ibrahim Mansour, 2019. "Son Preference and Child Under nutrition in the Arab Countries: Is There a Gender Bias against Girls?," Middle East Development Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(2), pages 205-230, July.
    2. Huda Mohamed Mukhtar Ahmed & Eiman Adil Mohamed Osman & Hatim Ameer Mahran, 2020. "Inequality of Opportunity in The Labor Market: Evidence from Sudan," Journal of Social Science Studies, Macrothink Institute, vol. 7(2), pages 38-56, December.
    3. Adely, Fida Issa J. & Mitra, Ankushi & Mohamed, Menatalla & Shaham, Adam, 2021. "Poor education, unemployment and the promise of skills: The hegemony of the “skills mismatch” discourse," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    4. Shireen AlAzzawi & Vladimir Hlasny, 2020. "Vulnerable employment of Egyptian, Jordanian, and Tunisian youth: Trends and determinants," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2020-166, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    5. Saidi Anis & Hamdaoui Mekki, 2021. "Level of Fairness and Justice in Labor Market: Evidence from Tunisia Post-Revolution," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 12(3), pages 1187-1214, September.

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