IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/ijfiec/v31y2026i2p2160-2179.html

Exploring the Connectedness Between Green Bonds and Financial Markets and Its Drivers During Recent Crises: New Evidence From a TVP‐VAR Extended Joint Connectedness Approach and Wavelet Coherence Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Wafa Abdelmalek
  • Molka Khemakhem

Abstract

This paper applies the TVP‐VAR extended joint connectedness model to investigate the time‐varying connectedness between green bonds, conventional bonds, stocks, clean energy, and commodities from January 2018 to April 2024, which includes the COVID‐19 pandemic, the Russia–Ukraine conflict, and the Israel–Palestine war. Empirical results show that the dynamic connectedness between green bonds and financial markets is time‐varying and intensifies significantly during the pandemic. Moreover, the volatility stock index VIX emerges as the primary driver of this connectedness. Additionally, green bonds are resilient to market turmoil and can serve as a hedging tool for many markets, especially agricultural and energy commodities.

Suggested Citation

  • Wafa Abdelmalek & Molka Khemakhem, 2026. "Exploring the Connectedness Between Green Bonds and Financial Markets and Its Drivers During Recent Crises: New Evidence From a TVP‐VAR Extended Joint Connectedness Approach and Wavelet Coherence Analysis," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(2), pages 2160-2179, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:ijfiec:v:31:y:2026:i:2:p:2160-2179
    DOI: 10.1002/ijfe.70035
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.70035
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/ijfe.70035?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Elsayed, Ahmed H. & Naifar, Nader & Nasreen, Samia & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2022. "Dependence structure and dynamic connectedness between green bonds and financial markets: Fresh insights from time-frequency analysis before and during COVID-19 pandemic," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    2. Mohamad, Azhar, 2022. "Safe flight to which haven when Russia invades Ukraine? A 48-hour story," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    3. Mensi, Walid & Selmi, Refk & Al-Kharusi, Sami & Belghouthi, Houssem Eddine & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2024. "Connectedness between green bonds, conventional bonds, oil, heating oil, natural gas, and petrol: new evidence during bear and bull market scenarios," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    4. Mensi, Walid & Shafiullah, Muhammad & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2022. "Spillovers and connectedness between green bond and stock markets in bearish and bullish market scenarios," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    5. Naifar, Nader, 2016. "Do global risk factors and macroeconomic conditions affect global Islamic index dynamics? A quantile regression approach," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 29-39.
    6. Lu, Xunfa & Huang, Nan & Mo, Jianlei & Ye, Zhitao, 2023. "Dynamics of the return and volatility connectedness among green finance markets during the COVID-19 pandemic," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    7. Reboredo, Juan C., 2018. "Green bond and financial markets: Co-movement, diversification and price spillover effects," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 38-50.
    8. Lin, Zi-Luo & Ouyang, Wen-Pei & Yu, Qing-Rui, 2024. "Risk spillover effects of the Israel–Hamas War on global financial and commodity markets: A time–frequency and network analysis," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    9. Okorie, David Iheke & Lin, Boqiang, 2021. "Stock markets and the COVID-19 fractal contagion effects," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 38(C).
    10. Ederington, Louis H, 1979. "The Hedging Performance of the New Futures Markets," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 34(1), pages 157-170, March.
    11. Shanglei Chai & Wenjun Chu & Zhen Zhang & Zhilong Li & Mohammad Zoynul Abedin, 2025. "Dynamic nonlinear connectedness between the green bonds, clean energy, and stock price: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 345(2), pages 1137-1164, February.
    12. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Dar, Arif Billah & Bhanja, Niyati, 2013. "Oil price and exchange rates: A wavelet based analysis for India," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 414-422.
    13. Dong, Xiyong & Xiong, Youlin & Nie, Siyue & Yoon, Seong-Min, 2023. "Can bonds hedge stock market risks? Green bonds vs conventional bonds," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    14. Fry-McKibbin, Renée & Greenwood-Nimmo, Matthew & Hsiao, Cody Yu-Ling & Qi, Lin, 2022. "Higher-order comoment contagion among G20 equity markets during the COVID-19 pandemic," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 45(C).
    15. Diebold, Francis X. & Yilmaz, Kamil, 2012. "Better to give than to receive: Predictive directional measurement of volatility spillovers," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 57-66.
    16. Uddin, Gazi Salah & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Arouri, Mohamed & Teulon, Frédéric, 2013. "On the relationship between oil price and exchange rates: A wavelet analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 502-507.
    17. Pesaran, H. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 1998. "Generalized impulse response analysis in linear multivariate models," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(1), pages 17-29, January.
    18. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Nguyen, Thi Thu Ha & Nepal, Rabindra & Ngo, Quang-Thanh & Taghizadeh–Hesary, Farhad, 2021. "Asymmetric relationship between green bonds and commodities: Evidence from extreme quantile approach," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 43(C).
    19. Emmanuel Joel Aikins Abakah & Aviral Kumar Tiwari & Aarzoo Sharma & Dorika Jeremiah Mwamtambulo, 2022. "Extreme Connectedness between Green Bonds, Government Bonds, Corporate Bonds and Other Asset Classes: Insights for Portfolio Investors," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-17, October.
    20. Nikolaos Antonakakis & Ioannis Chatziantoniou & David Gabauer, 2020. "Refined Measures of Dynamic Connectedness based on Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressions," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-23, April.
    21. Caloia, Francesco Giuseppe & Cipollini, Andrea & Muzzioli, Silvia, 2019. "How do normalization schemes affect net spillovers? A replication of the Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) study," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    22. Broadstock, David C. & Cheng, Louis T.W., 2019. "Time-varying relation between black and green bond price benchmarks: Macroeconomic determinants for the first decade," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 17-22.
    23. Lin, Xudong & Meng, Yiqun & Zhu, Hao, 2024. "Exploring hedging potentials of green bonds against oil price shocks: Evidence from quantile-on-quantile connectedness measures," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    24. Huang, Jie & Cao, Yu & Zhong, Pengshu, 2022. "Searching for a safe haven to crude oil: Green bond or precious metals?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    25. Thomas J. Fisher & Colin M. Gallagher, 2012. "New Weighted Portmanteau Statistics for Time Series Goodness of Fit Testing," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 107(498), pages 777-787, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lu, Xunfa & Huang, Nan & Mo, Jianlei & Ye, Zhitao, 2023. "Dynamics of the return and volatility connectedness among green finance markets during the COVID-19 pandemic," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    2. Alomari, Mohammed & Belghouthi, Houssem Eddine & Mensi, Walid & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2024. "Extreme time-frequency connectedness between energy sector markets and financial markets," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 847-877.
    3. Huang, Zishan & Zhu, Huiming & Hau, Liya & Deng, Xi, 2023. "Time-frequency co-movement and network connectedness between green bond and financial asset markets: Evidence from multiscale TVP-VAR analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    4. Jovović, Jelena & Popović, Saša, 2025. "Investigating volatility spillovers: Connectedness between green bonds, conventional bonds, and energy markets," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    5. Cocca, Teodoro & Gabauer, David & Pomberger, Stefan, 2024. "Clean energy market connectedness and investment strategies: New evidence from DCC-GARCH R2 decomposed connectedness measures," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    6. Pham, Linh & Cepni, Oguzhan, 2022. "Extreme directional spillovers between investor attention and green bond markets," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 186-210.
    7. He, Xie & Hamori, Shigeyuki, 2024. "Asymmetric Higher-Moment spillovers between sustainable and traditional investments," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    8. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Aikins Abakah, Emmanuel Joel & Gabauer, David & Dwumfour, Richard Adjei, 2022. "Dynamic spillover effects among green bond, renewable energy stocks and carbon markets during COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for hedging and investments strategies," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    9. Pham, Son D. & Nguyen, Thao T.T. & Do, Hung X., 2024. "Impact of climate policy uncertainty on return spillover among green assets and portfolio implications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    10. Elsayed, Ahmed H. & Billah, Mabruk & Goodell, John W. & Hadhri, Sinda, 2024. "Examining connections between the fourth industrial revolution and energy markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    11. Bibi, Rashida & Gulzar, Saqib & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain, 2025. "ESG leaders and crypto currency market: Asymmetric TVP-VAR connectedness and investment approaches," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    12. Abdullah, Mohammad & Chowdhury, Mohammad Ashraful Ferdous & Sulong, Zunaidah, 2023. "Asymmetric efficiency and connectedness among green stocks, halal tourism stocks, cryptocurrencies, and commodities: Portfolio hedging implications," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    13. Qi, Xiaohong & Zhang, Guofu, 2022. "Dynamic connectedness of China’s green bonds and asset classes," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    14. Ha, Le Thanh, 2022. "Storm after the Gloomy days: Influences of COVID-19 pandemic on volatility of the energy market," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    15. Doğan, Buhari & Trabelsi, Nader & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Ghosh, Sudeshna, 2023. "Dynamic dependence and causality between crude oil, green bonds, commodities, geopolitical risks, and policy uncertainty," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 36-62.
    16. Wang, Jikai & Qiao, Gaoxiu, 2025. "Extreme events and quantile time-frequency volatility connectedness across crude oil, green bonds and low-carbon equity markets," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(PA).
    17. Xu, Danyang & Hu, Yang & Corbet, Shaen & Lang, Chunlin, 2024. "Return connectedness of green bonds and financial investment channels in China: Implications for hedging and regulation," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(PA).
    18. Han, SeungOh, 2025. "Dynamic hedging strategies for U.S. investors in international stock ETFs following geopolitical conflicts," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    19. Mbarek, Marouene & Msolli, Badreddine, 2025. "Assessing linkages between supply chain tokens and other assets: Evidence from a time-frequency quantile connectedness approach," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(C).
    20. Hadad, Elroi & Malhotra, Davinder & Vasileiou, Evangelos, 2024. "Risk spillovers and optimal hedging in commodity ETFs: A TVP-VAR Approach," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:ijfiec:v:31:y:2026:i:2:p:2160-2179. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1076-9307/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.