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Racial bias in criminal sentencing: Historical evidence from Chinese railway workers in British Columbia

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  • Kris Inwood
  • Ian Keay
  • Blair Long

Abstract

Do discriminatory attitudes held in the public influence public institutions? We study this question within the context of the criminal justice system of historical British Columbia (BC). During the late 1870s and early 1880s, an influx of Chinese immigrant workers employed in the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) was the catalyst for a wave of anti‐Chinese sentiment in British Columbia (BC). We test for the presence of racial bias in criminal sentencing during this era by comparing marginal sentences for predicted recidivism risk across groups in a triple difference framework, using the building of the CPR as a plausibly exogenous shock to recidivism. We find that during the early years of the building boom, Chinese prisoners received sentences that were over twice as long as other observationally equivalent prisoners per unit of recidivism risk. Robustness exercises illustrate that this result is similar if we focus on the size of Chinese immigration instead of recidivism risk. We find that this sentencing bias is temporary, and dissipates towards the end of the project, coincident with labor shortages that threatened its viability. Les préjugés raciaux dans les condamnations pénales : données historiques sur les travailleurs chinois des chemins de fer en Colombie‐Britannique. Les attitudes discriminatoires du public influencent‐elles les institutions publiques? Nous étudions cette question dans le contexte historique du système de justice pénale de la Colombie‐Britannique. À la fin des années 1870 et au début des années 1880, l'afflux de travailleurs immigrants chinois employés à la construction du chemin de fer du Canadien Pacifique (CP) a été le catalyseur d'une vague de sentiments anti‐chinois en Colombie‐Britannique. Nous évaluons la présence de préjugés raciaux dans les condamnations pénales à cette époque en comparant les peines marginales pour le risque de récidive prédit entre les groupes dans un cadre de triple différence, en utilisant le CP comme un choc exogène plausible pour la récidive. Nous constatons que, pendant les premières années du boom de la construction, les prisonniers chinois ont reçu des peines plus de deux fois plus longues que les autres prisonniers équivalents d'un point de vue observationnel par unité de risque de récidive. Les exercices de robustesse montrent que le résultat est semblable si l'on se concentre sur l'importance de l'immigration chinoise plutôt que sur le risque de récidive. Nous constatons que ce biais dans la détermination des peines est temporaire et se dissipe vers la fin du projet, coïncidant avec les pénuries de main‐d'œuvre qui ont menacé sa viabilité.

Suggested Citation

  • Kris Inwood & Ian Keay & Blair Long, 2025. "Racial bias in criminal sentencing: Historical evidence from Chinese railway workers in British Columbia," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 58(4), pages 1638-1663, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:58:y:2025:i:4:p:1638-1663
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.70025
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