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Politiques salariales et performances des entreprises : une comparaison France/États-Unis

Author

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  • John M. Abowd
  • Francis Kramarz
  • David N. Margolis
  • Kenneth R. Troske

Abstract

[fre] La plupart des théories spécifiant le mode de détermination du salaire (salaire d’efficience, négociation salariale, etc.) apparues au cours des 20 dernières années cherchent à caractériser des situations éloignées du modèle de concurrence parfaite. Les tests empiriques de ces différentes théories se sont révélés jusqu’à présent peu concluants. L’absence de données caractérisant simultanément la situation des travailleurs et celle de l’entreprise expliquait les difficultés rencontrées. De telles données sont maintenant disponibles. Elles rendent possibles des comparaisons internationales (France/ États-Unis) utilisant à la fois des informations sur les individus et sur les entreprises qui les emploient pour mettre en relation politique de rémunération et performance des entreprises. Le salaire est décomposé à cet effet en une mesure de la rémunération des caractéristiques individuelles connues à partir des enquêtes, une mesure de la politique de rémunération de l’établissement ou de l’entreprise, appelée effet d’établissement ou d’entreprise, et un résidu. Ces composantes sont reliées à la structure et aux résultats économiques de l’entreprise. La variabilité des rémunérations est plus élevée aux États-Unis qu’en France, où le salaire minimum contribue à resserrer l’éventail des rémunérations. Pour des raisons proches (rôle des conventions collectives, en particulier), les caractéristiques individuelles et les effets d’établissement expliquent mieux cette variabilité en France qu’aux États-Unis. De manière plus surprenante, et malgré des différences institutionnelles importantes, les différentes composantes de la rémunération sont corrélées de la même façon dans les deux pays, sans qu’il soit possible d’avancer d’explication. Ainsi, en France comme aux États-Unis, les salariés les mieux rémunérés, du fait de caractéristiques individuelles ou de la politique de rémunération de l’établissement, sont employés dans des entreprises où la productivité du travail est plus élevée. Toutefois, une rémunération plus élevée due à la politique de rémunération propre à l’entreprise est associée à une profitabilité élevée en France et, au contraire, faible aux États-Unis. Enfin, le secteur d’activité joue un rôle plus important aux États-Unis qu’en France dans la détermination de la performance des entreprises, alors que c’est l’inverse pour la rémunération. La plus forte compétitivité du marché du travail aux États-Unis pourrait expliquer ces résultats.

Suggested Citation

  • John M. Abowd & Francis Kramarz & David N. Margolis & Kenneth R. Troske, 2000. "Politiques salariales et performances des entreprises : une comparaison France/États-Unis," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 332(1), pages 27-38.
    • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2000_num_332_1_7537
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2000.7537
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2000.7537
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    1. John M. Abowd & Francis Kramarz & David N. Margolis, 1999. "High Wage Workers and High Wage Firms," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 67(2), pages 251-334, March.
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    1. repec:dau:papers:123456789/4462 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Florence Jany-Catrice, 2004. "Une analyse socioéconomique de l'emploi dans l'hôtellerie-restauration en France et aux Etats-Unis," Post-Print halshs-00282271, HAL.
    3. Christophe Muller & Christophe Nordman, 2004. "Which Human Capital Matters For Rich And Poor'S Wages: Evidence From Matched Worker-Firm Data From Tunisia," Working Papers. Serie AD 2004-28, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, S.A. (Ivie).
    4. Christophe Muller & Christophe Nordman, 2005. "Human capital and wages in two leading industries in Tunisia: evidence from matched worker-firm data," Brussels Economic Review, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, vol. 48(1-2), pages 183-208.
    5. Destré, Guillaume & Lévy-Garboua, Louis & Sollogoub, Michel, 2008. "Learning from experience or learning from others?: Inferring informal training from a human capital earnings function with matched employer-employee data," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 919-938, June.
    6. Guillaume Destré, 2003. "Fonctions de gains et diffusion du savoir : une estimation sur données françaises appariées," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 158(2), pages 89-104.
    7. Guillaume Destré & Louis Lévy-Garboua & Michel Sollogoub, 2005. "On-the-job learning and earnings," Cahiers de la Maison des Sciences Economiques bla05022, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1).
    8. Guillaume Destré & Christophe Nordman, 2002. "Les effets de la formation informelle sur les gains : une comparaison sur données appariées françaises, marocaines et tunisiennes," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 78(2), pages 179-206.
    9. Guillaume Destré, 2005. "Une mesure économétrique de la formation par les autres au sein de l'entreprise," Cahiers de la Maison des Sciences Economiques bla05021, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1).

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