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Innovation : mesures, rendements et concurrence

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  • Bruno Crépon
  • Emmanuel Duguet

Abstract

[eng] Innovation: Measurements, Returns and Competition . Innovation can be considered from the upstream angle, by looking at corporate research expenditure, and from the downstream angle, by looking at the number of patents filed. These two indicators are highly compatible as measurements of innovation, but are still not flawless. The unobservable factors behind innovation (staff skills, the importance of sales functions, etc.) probably go as far to explaining the number of patents filed by companies as does research. The number of patents would also appear to be a better measurement of innovation for large firms than for small firms. . Yet even an imperfect measurement of innovation provides some answers to two important questions surrounding industrial policy: that of the return on research and that of the impact of the innovative activity of competitive firms. Although research and development returns to scale are on the whole constant, basic research appears to be substantially more productive than both applied research and development. As for competition in innovation, stepping up the research carried out in a sector normally reduces each firm's chances of finding an innovation first. [fre] Innovation : mesures, rendements et concurrence . L'effort d'innovation peut être appréhendé en amont, par les dépenses de recherche des entreprises et en aval, par le nombre de brevets déposés. Ces deux indicateurs montrent une forte compatibilité comme mesure de l'innovation, mais restent encore imparfaits. Il est probable que les facteurs non observables concourant à l'innovation (la qualification du personnel, l'importance des fonctions commerciales, etc.) expliquent autant que la recherche le nombre de brevets déposés par les entreprises. Il semble aussi que le nombre de brevets soit une meilleure mesure de l'innovation pour les grandes firmes que pour les petites. . La mesure, même imparfaite, de l'innovation permet d'apporter des éléments de réponse à deux importantes questions de politique industrielle : celle des rendements de la recherche et celle de l'impact de l'activité innovatrice menée par des entreprises concurrentes. Si, globalement, le rendement d'échelle de la recherche et développement est constant, la recherche fondamentale apparaît comme nettement plus productive que la recherche appliquée et que le développement. Quant à la concurrence en matière d'innovation, l'augmentation de la recherche faite dans un secteur diminuerait les chances de chacune des firmes de trouver une innovation en premier. [spa] Innovaciôn : mediciones, rendimientos y competencia . El esfuerzo de innovaciôn puede medirse, aguas arriba, por los gastos de investigaciôn de las empresas, y, aguas abajo, por el numéro de patentes registradas. Ambos indicadores se complementan con creces a la hora de medir la innovaciôn, pero todavfa quedan imperfectos. . Es probable que unos factores no medibles que contribuyen a la innovaciôn (la cualificaciôn del personal, la importancia de las funciones comerciales, etc.) expliquen del mismo modo que la investigaciôn el numéro de patentes registradas por las empresas. Parece también que la cantidad de patentes ofrece una mediciôn de la innovaciôn mâs eficiente para las grandes firmas que para las pequenas. . La mediciôn, aunque imperfecta, de la innovaciôn nos facilita unos datos que permiten en parte encontrar una respuesta a dos cuestiones industriales de suma importancia : la de los rendimientos de la investigaciôn y la del impacto de la actividad innovadora por parte de empresas competidoras. Si, de manera general, el rendimiento de escala del departamento I+D es constante, la investigaciôn fundamental parece, con mucho, mâs productiva que la investigaciôn aplicada y el desarrollo. En cuanto a la competencia en materia de innovaciôn, el aumento de la investigaciôn dentro de un sector determinado, limitarïa las posibilidades para cada una de las firmas de ser la primera en encontrar una innovaciôn.

Suggested Citation

  • Bruno Crépon & Emmanuel Duguet, 1994. "Innovation : mesures, rendements et concurrence," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 275(1), pages 121-134.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1994_num_275_1_5894
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1994.5894
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1994.5894
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. David Encaoua & Pierre Mohnen & Emmanuel Duguet & Bruno Crépon, 1993. "Diffusion du savoir et incitation à l'innovation : le rôle des accords de coopération en recherche et développement," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 266(1), pages 47-63.
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    9. Glenn C. Loury, 1979. "Market Structure and Innovation," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 93(3), pages 395-410.
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    1. Ouardighi, Jalal El, 2002. "Dépendance spatiale sur données de panel : application à la relation Brevets-R&D au niveau régional," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 78(1), pages 67-86, Mars.
    2. Bruno Crépon & Emmanuel Duguet & Jacques Mairesse, 2000. "Mesurer le rendement de l'innovation," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 334(1), pages 65-78.
    3. Chen Weijun, 2022. "The Impact of Government Support and Technological Innovation on Enterprise Performance: A Case Study of Guangdong Hi- tech Enterprises," International Journal of Science and Business, IJSAB International, vol. 14(1), pages 196-231.

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