IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/inm/ormnsc/v65y2019i7p3150-3173.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Supplier Diversification Under Buyer Risk

Author

Listed:
  • Jiri Chod

    (Carroll School of Management, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467)

  • Nikolaos Trichakis

    (MIT Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307)

  • Gerry Tsoukalas

    (Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104)

Abstract

When should a firm diversify its supply base? Most extant theories attribute supplier diversification to supplier risk. Herein, we develop a new theory that attributes supplier diversification to buyer risk. When suppliers are subject to the risk of buyer default, buyers may take costly action to signal creditworthiness so as to obtain more favorable terms. But once signaling costs are sunk, buyers sourcing from a single supplier become vulnerable to future holdup. Although ex ante supply base diversification can be effective at alleviating the holdup problem, we show that it comes at the expense of higher up-front signaling costs. We resolve the ensuing trade-off and show that diversification emerges as the preferred strategy in equilibrium. Our theory can help explain sourcing strategies when risk in a trade relationship originates from the sourcing firm, for example, a small-to-medium enterprise or a start-up; a setting that has eluded existing theories so far.

Suggested Citation

  • Jiri Chod & Nikolaos Trichakis & Gerry Tsoukalas, 2019. "Supplier Diversification Under Buyer Risk," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 65(7), pages 3150-3173, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:inm:ormnsc:v:65:y:2019:i:7:p:3150-3173
    DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.2018.3095
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3095
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3095?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tianjun Feng & Fuqiang Zhang, 2014. "The Impact of Modular Assembly on Supply Chain Efficiency," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 23(11), pages 1985-2001, November.
    2. Guoming Lai & Wenqiang Xiao, 2018. "Inventory Decisions and Signals of Demand Uncertainty to Investors," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 20(1), pages 113-129, February.
    3. Volodymyr Babich & Apostolos N. Burnetas & Peter H. Ritchken, 2007. "Competition and Diversification Effects in Supply Chains with Supplier Default Risk," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 9(2), pages 123-146, October.
    4. Kaya, Ayça, 2009. "Repeated signaling games," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 66(2), pages 841-854, July.
    5. Petersen, Mitchell A & Rajan, Raghuram G, 1997. "Trade Credit: Theories and Evidence," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 10(3), pages 661-691.
    6. Brian Tomlin, 2006. "On the Value of Mitigation and Contingency Strategies for Managing Supply Chain Disruption Risks," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 52(5), pages 639-657, May.
    7. Mike Burkart & Tore Ellingsen, 2004. "In-Kind Finance: A Theory of Trade Credit," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(3), pages 569-590, June.
    8. Raymond Fisman & Mayank Raturi, 2004. "Does Competition Encourage Credit Provision? Evidence from African Trade Credit Relationships," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 86(1), pages 345-352, February.
    9. Tunay I. Tunca & Qiong Wu, 2009. "Multiple Sourcing and Procurement Process Selection with Bidding Events," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 55(5), pages 763-780, May.
    10. Volodymyr Babich & Christopher S. Tang, 2012. "Managing Opportunistic Supplier Product Adulteration: Deferred Payments, Inspection, and Combined Mechanisms," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 14(2), pages 301-314, April.
    11. Zhuoxin Li & Stephen M. Gilbert & Guoming Lai, 2014. "Supplier Encroachment Under Asymmetric Information," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(2), pages 449-462, February.
    12. Kreps, David M. & Wilson, Robert, 1982. "Reputation and imperfect information," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 253-279, August.
    13. Alós-Ferrer, Carlos & Prat, Julien, 2012. "Job market signaling and employer learning," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 147(5), pages 1787-1817.
    14. Carola Schenone, 2010. "Lending Relationships and Information Rents: Do Banks Exploit Their Information Advantages?," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 23(3), pages 1149-1199, March.
    15. Sameer Hasija & Edieal J. Pinker & Robert A. Shumsky, 2008. "Call Center Outsourcing Contracts Under Information Asymmetry," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 54(4), pages 793-807, April.
    16. Jiri Chod, 2017. "Inventory, Risk Shifting, and Trade Credit," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 63(10), pages 3207-3225, October.
    17. Cuihong Li & Laurens G. Debo, 2009. "Second Sourcing vs. Sole Sourcing with Capacity Investment and Asymmetric Information," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 11(3), pages 448-470, July.
    18. Mariassunta Giannetti & Mike Burkart & Tore Ellingsen, 2011. "What You Sell Is What You Lend? Explaining Trade Credit Contracts," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 24(4), pages 1261-1298.
    19. Pamela Pen-Erh Pei & David Simchi-Levi & Tunay I. Tunca, 2011. "Sourcing Flexibility, Spot Trading, and Procurement Contract Structure," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 59(3), pages 578-601, June.
    20. In-Koo Cho & David M. Kreps, 1987. "Signaling Games and Stable Equilibria," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 102(2), pages 179-221.
    21. Terry A. Taylor & Erica L. Plambeck, 2007. "Supply Chain Relationships and Contracts: The Impact of Repeated Interaction on Capacity Investment and Procurement," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 53(10), pages 1577-1593, October.
    22. Erjie Ang & Dan A. Iancu & Robert Swinney, 2017. "Disruption Risk and Optimal Sourcing in Multitier Supply Networks," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 63(8), pages 2397-2419, August.
    23. Maqbool Dada & Nicholas C. Petruzzi & Leroy B. Schwarz, 2007. "A Newsvendor's Procurement Problem when Suppliers Are Unreliable," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 9(1), pages 9-32, August.
    24. Williamson, Oliver E, 1971. "The Vertical Integration of Production: Market Failure Considerations," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 61(2), pages 112-123, May.
    25. Huaxia Rui & Guoming Lai, 2015. "Sourcing with Deferred Payment and Inspection under Supplier Product Adulteration Risk," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 24(6), pages 934-946, June.
    26. Yimin Wang & Wendell Gilland & Brian Tomlin, 2010. "Mitigating Supply Risk: Dual Sourcing or Process Improvement?," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 12(3), pages 489-510, September.
    27. Hale, Galina & Santos, João A.C., 2009. "Do banks price their informational monopoly?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(2), pages 185-206, August.
    28. Carliss Y. Baldwin & Kim B. Clark, 2000. "Design Rules, Volume 1: The Power of Modularity," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262024667, April.
    29. Lingxiu Dong & Brian Tomlin, 2012. "Managing Disruption Risk: The Interplay Between Operations and Insurance," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 58(10), pages 1898-1915, October.
    30. Guoming Lai & Wenqiang Xiao & Jun Yang, 2012. "Supply Chain Performance Under Market Valuation: An Operational Approach to Restore Efficiency," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 58(10), pages 1933-1951, October.
    31. Sammi Yu Tang & Panos Kouvelis, 2011. "Supplier Diversification Strategies in the Presence of Yield Uncertainty and Buyer Competition," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 13(4), pages 439-451, October.
    32. Xiaole Wu & Fuqiang Zhang, 2014. "Home or Overseas? An Analysis of Sourcing Strategies Under Competition," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(5), pages 1223-1240, May.
    33. Panos Kouvelis & Wenhui Zhao, 2012. "Financing the Newsvendor: Supplier vs. Bank, and the Structure of Optimal Trade Credit Contracts," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 60(3), pages 566-580, June.
    34. Brian Tomlin & Yimin Wang, 2005. "On the Value of Mix Flexibility and Dual Sourcing in Unreliable Newsvendor Networks," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 7(1), pages 37-57, June.
    35. Michael Spence, 1973. "Job Market Signaling," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 87(3), pages 355-374.
    36. Xia Zhao & Ling Xue & Fuqiang Zhang, 2014. "Outsourcing Competition and Information Sharing with Asymmetrically Informed Suppliers," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 23(10), pages 1706-1718, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Lingxiu Dong & Puping (Phil) Jiang & Fasheng Xu, 2023. "Impact of Traceability Technology Adoption in Food Supply Chain Networks," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(3), pages 1518-1535, March.
    2. Volodymyr Babich & Simone Marinesi & Gerry Tsoukalas, 2021. "Does Crowdfunding Benefit Entrepreneurs and Venture Capital Investors?," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 23(2), pages 508-524, March.
    3. Jamalludin Helmi, Faten Fatihah, 2019. "Volkswagen Company’s Corporate Governance and Liquidity Risk," MPRA Paper 97265, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Fu, Hong & Ke, Ginger Y. & Lian, Zhaotong & Zhang, Lianmin, 2021. "3PL firm’s equity financing for technology innovation in a platform supply chain," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    5. Karca D. Aral & Erasmo Giambona & Ye Wang, 2022. "Buyer’s Bankruptcy Risk, Sourcing Strategy, and Firm Value: Evidence from the Supplier Protection Act," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(11), pages 7940-7957, November.
    6. Xiong, Yangchun & Lam, Hugo K.S. & Hu, Qiaoxuan & Yee, Rachel W.Y. & Blome, Constantin, 2021. "The financial impacts of environmental violations on supply chains: Evidence from an emerging market," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    7. Richard Friberg & Thomas Seiler, 2021. "Different ways of managing risk as reported in 10‐Ks: A supervised learning approach," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 56(4), pages 773-792, November.
    8. Xiaoyan Liu & William Schmidt, 2022. "Operational Distortion: Compound Effects of Short-Termism and Competition," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(8), pages 5907-5923, August.
    9. Dong, Binwei & Tang, Wansheng & Zhou, Chi & Ren, Yufei, 2021. "Is dual sourcing a better choice? The impact of reliability improvement and contract manufacturer encroachment," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    10. Elena Belavina & Simone Marinesi & Gerry Tsoukalas, 2020. "Rethinking Crowdfunding Platform Design: Mechanisms to Deter Misconduct and Improve Efficiency," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 66(11), pages 4980-4997, November.
    11. Victor Amelkin & Rakesh Vohra, 2019. "Strategic Formation and Reliability of Supply Chain Networks," Papers 1909.08021, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2020.
    12. Wang, Jing & Wang, Kai & Li, Xiang & Zhao, Ruiqing, 2022. "Suppliers’ trade credit strategies with transparent credit ratings: Null, exclusive, and nonchalant provision," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 297(1), pages 153-163.
    13. Jun Wang & Qian Zhang & Pengwen Hou, 2022. "Implications of credit default and yield uncertainty on supply chain’s equilibrium financial strategy," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 315(1), pages 507-533, August.
    14. Jingxing (Rowena) Gan & Gerry Tsoukalas & Serguei Netessine, 2021. "Initial Coin Offerings, Speculation, and Asset Tokenization," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(2), pages 914-931, February.
    15. Zhou, Rui & Bhuiyan, Tanveer Hossain & Medal, Hugh R. & Sherwin, Michael D. & Yang, Dong, 2022. "A stochastic programming model with endogenous uncertainty for selecting supplier development programs to proactively mitigate supplier risk," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Heikki Peura & S. Alex Yang & Guoming Lai, 2017. "Trade Credit in Competition: A Horizontal Benefit," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 19(2), pages 263-289, May.
    2. Gökçe Esenduran & John V. Gray & Burcu Tan, 2022. "A Dynamic Analysis of Supply Chain Risk Management and Extended Payment Terms," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 31(3), pages 1394-1417, March.
    3. Long He & Ying Rong & Zuo‐Jun Max Shen, 2020. "Product Sourcing and Distribution Strategies under Supply Disruption and Recall Risks," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 29(1), pages 9-23, January.
    4. Onur Boyabatlı, 2015. "Supply Management in Multiproduct Firms with Fixed Proportions Technology," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 61(12), pages 3013-3031, December.
    5. Panos Kouvelis & Fasheng Xu, 2021. "A Supply Chain Theory of Factoring and Reverse Factoring," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(10), pages 6071-6088, October.
    6. Christopher S. Tang & S. Alex Yang & Jing Wu, 2018. "Sourcing from Suppliers with Financial Constraints and Performance Risk," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 20(1), pages 70-84, February.
    7. Seung Hwan Jung, 2020. "Offshore versus Onshore Sourcing: Quick Response, Random Yield, and Competition," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 29(3), pages 750-766, March.
    8. Zhao, Lima & Huchzermeier, Arnd, 2015. "Operations–finance interface models: A literature review and framework," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 244(3), pages 905-917.
    9. Deng, Sijing & Fu, Ke & Xu, Jiayan & Zhu, Kaijie, 2021. "The supply chain effects of trade credit under uncertain demands," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    10. Gu, Chaocheng & Wei, Juan & Wei, Ying, 2021. "Sourcing under competition: The implications of supplier capital constraint and supply chain co-opetition," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    11. S. Alex Yang & John R. Birge, 2018. "Trade Credit, Risk Sharing, and Inventory Financing Portfolios," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 64(8), pages 3667-3689, August.
    12. Chod, Jiri & Lyandres, Evgeny & Yang, S. Alex, 2019. "Trade credit and supplier competition," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(2), pages 484-505.
    13. Xiao Huang, 2022. "Financing Disruptive Suppliers: Payment Advance, Timeline, and Discount Rate," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 31(3), pages 1115-1134, March.
    14. Schmitt, Amanda J. & Sun, Siyuan Anthony & Snyder, Lawrence V. & Shen, Zuo-Jun Max, 2015. "Centralization versus decentralization: Risk pooling, risk diversification, and supply chain disruptions," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 201-212.
    15. Hsiao-Hui Lee & Jianer Zhou & Jingqi Wang, 2018. "Trade Credit Financing Under Competition and Its Impact on Firm Performance in Supply Chains," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 20(1), pages 36-52, February.
    16. Qi Feng & Justin Jia & J. George Shanthikumar, 2019. "Dynamic Multisourcing with Dependent Supplies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(6), pages 2770-2786, June.
    17. Volodymyr Babich & Panos Kouvelis, 2018. "Introduction to the Special Issue on Research at the Interface of Finance, Operations, and Risk Management (iFORM): Recent Contributions and Future Directions," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 20(1), pages 1-18, February.
    18. Jiri Chod & Nikolaos Trichakis & Gerry Tsoukalas & Henry Aspegren & Mark Weber, 2020. "On the Financing Benefits of Supply Chain Transparency and Blockchain Adoption," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 66(10), pages 4378-4396, October.
    19. Xiang Li, 2017. "Optimal procurement strategies from suppliers with random yield and all-or-nothing risks," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 257(1), pages 167-181, October.
    20. Tarkom, Augustine & Yang, Lukai, 2024. "Presidential economic approval rating and trade credit," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:inm:ormnsc:v:65:y:2019:i:7:p:3150-3173. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Chris Asher (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/inforea.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.