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External Costs in Inland Waterway Transport: An Analysis of External Cost Categories and Calculation Methods

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  • Florian Hofbauer

    (Department of Logistics, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wehrgrabengasse 1-3, 4400 Steyr, Austria)

  • Lisa-Maria Putz

    (Department of Logistics, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wehrgrabengasse 1-3, 4400 Steyr, Austria)

Abstract

Sustainable transport, such as using inland waterway transport (IWT), represents a major pillar of the European Green Deal to reduce global warming. To evaluate the different inland transport modes (road, rail, IWT), it is crucial to know the external costs of these modes. The goal of this paper is a critical review of external cost categories (e.g., accidents, noise, emissions) and external cost calculation methods of IWT to provide ideas for future research. We identified 13 relevant papers in a literature review dealing with external costs of IWT. In a meta-analysis, the papers were assigned to the seven external cost categories: accident, noise, congestion, habitat damage, air pollution, climate change and well-to-tank emissions. The most investigated external cost categories are climate change, air pollution and accidents. Two studies were identified as the major external cost calculation methods for IWT in the abstract. Our paper shows that the data basis of IWT is significantly lower than for road/rail. The measurement of energy consumption and related emissions of IWT needs to be qualitatively and quantitatively improved and brought up to the level of road traffic, to ensure an accurate comparison with other modes of transport.

Suggested Citation

  • Florian Hofbauer & Lisa-Maria Putz, 2020. "External Costs in Inland Waterway Transport: An Analysis of External Cost Categories and Calculation Methods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-19, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:14:p:5874-:d:387734
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Martijn Brons & Panayotis Christidis, 2012. "External cost calculator for Marco Polo freight transport project proposals call 2012 version," JRC Research Reports JRC72879, Joint Research Centre.
    2. Martijn Brons & Panos Christidis, 2013. "External cost calculator for Marco Polo freight transport project proposals - Call 2013 updated version," JRC Research Reports JRC82783, Joint Research Centre.
    3. Izabela Kotowska & Marta Mańkowska & Michał Pluciński, 2018. "Inland Shipping to Serve the Hinterland: The Challenge for Seaport Authorities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-17, September.
    4. repec:ipt:iptwpa:jrc81002 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Chunxia Lu & Xiaowen Yan, 2015. "The break-even distance of road and inland waterway freight transportation systems," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 17(2), pages 246-263, June.
    6. Macharis, Cathy & Van Hoeck, Ellen & Pekin, Ethem & van Lier, Tom, 2010. "A decision analysis framework for intermodal transport: Comparing fuel price increases and the internalisation of external costs," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 44(7), pages 550-561, August.
    7. Caris, An & Limbourg, Sabine & Macharis, Cathy & van Lier, Tom & Cools, Mario, 2014. "Integration of inland waterway transport in the intermodal supply chain: a taxonomy of research challenges," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 126-136.
    8. Tae H. Oum & Waters, W.G. & Jong Say Yong, 1990. "A survey of recent estimates of price elasticities of demand for transport," Policy Research Working Paper Series 359, The World Bank.
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    1. Elżbieta Szaruga & Elżbieta Załoga, 2022. "Qualitative–Quantitative Warning Modeling of Energy Consumption Processes in Inland Waterway Freight Transport on River Sections for Environmental Management," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-21, June.
    2. Zhu, Benhui & Hashimoto, Shizuka & Cushman, Samuel A, 2023. "A two concentric circles model incorporating availability of ecosystem services and affordability of humans to clarify the ecological security concept," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 481(C).
    3. Elena Plotnikova & Milita Vienažindienė & Stasys Slavinskas, 2022. "Development of Inland Waterway Transport as a Key to Ensure Sustainability: A Case Study of Lithuania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-15, August.
    4. Bianca Borca & Lisa-Maria Putz & Florian Hofbauer, 2021. "Crises and Their Effects on Freight Transport Modes: A Literature Review and Research Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-21, May.
    5. Ji, Bin & Zhang, Dezhi & Zhang, Zheng & Yu, Samson S. & Van Woensel, Tom, 2022. "The generalized serial-lock scheduling problem on inland waterway: A novel decomposition-based solution framework and efficient heuristic approach," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).

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